NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 



267 



is a very serious disease of pears in America. The disease may start 

 in the blossom or tender twigs, and spread and kill the entire year's 

 growth. 



Crown Gall, Pscudomonas tumefacicns, also a bacterial disease, 

 which affects the stem near the surface of the soil. It is contagious, 

 but no remedy is known except the planting clean healthy stock, with 

 no abnormal growths about the region of the collar. 



European Apple Canker, Nutria diiissima. This disease is not 

 serious in America. 



Blister Canker, Nummularia discreta. Usually found on larger 

 limbs and sometimes attacks the trunk, both the wood and bark. 

 As the summer advances circular fungus masses, known as stromata, 

 develop on the diseased area, and are formed beneath the bark. 



The author then goes on to describe the appearance of injury due 

 to spraying on apple trees. 



Lime sulphur sprays do not cause so much injury to foliage and 

 fruit as Bordeaux mixture, and seem to be equally effective. The 

 symptoms of spray injury are as follows : — 



On the leaves purplish-brown spots of various shapes and sizes 

 appear — usually smaller, more irregular in shape, and more thickly 

 distributed than spots due to disease. Soon after the appearance of 

 the spots the leaves may turn yellow. In bad cases the leaves fall. 



On the fruit small black or brown spots occur, scattered thickly over 

 the apple ; later these spots become corky and russeted. In serious 

 cases the apple becomes very much deformed or roughened. Slightly 

 affected fruit can outgrow its injuries completely before picking. 



Directions for making the sprays mentioned in the bulletin are 

 given at the end. — D. M. C. 



Apple Mildew. By F. E. T. {Garden, p. 404, Aug. 10, 1912).— 

 According to the Board of Agriculture Leaflet, No. 204, the winter 

 or ascigerous form of fruit of this fungus is very rare. The author 

 thinks this is not the case, having found the ascigerous form on the 

 fruits of the apple. 



Dissemination of the disease is no doubt due to the profusion of 

 conidial spores, readily dispersed by the wind. Occasional spraying, 

 while the disease is active, with sulphide of potassium will be found 

 an effective remedy. 



As the mycelium of this fungus is also believed to be present in the 

 bark of affected shoots, young shoots known to be affected should be 

 cut back in winter and burnt. — H. R. D. 



Apple Orchard on the General Farm, The Profitable Management 



of the Small. By M. C. Burritt (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Farm. Bull. 

 491, April 1912 ; 8 figs.). — Surveys have been made in several of 

 the leading apple-producing counties in western New York and data 

 secured from about 11,000 acres of orchards. Most of these orchards 

 are from 30 to 40 years old, and though not well treated in early 



