268 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



life they have been in a sense renovated, and now show average 

 yields of 50 to 225 bushels an acre and an average gross income of 

 $37 to $175 an acre, results which are considered more favourable 

 than would ordinarily be expected from farm orchards in non-fruit- 

 growing districts. The cost of renovation varies from $30 to $57 

 an acre, and the income may be expected to be well in advance of the 

 cost after the first year. — A. P. 



Apple Orchard Survey of Niagara County. By M. B. Cum_ 

 mings (U.S.A. Exp. Stn., Cornell, Bull. 262, Jan. 1909 ; 15 figs.). — 

 Based on field studies of 716 orchards covering 6,000 acres, the majority 

 of the orchards being from 35 to 45 years old. The average yield 

 an acre for five years was 192 bushels, and the average gross income 

 an acre $109. The chief varieties grown are 'Rhode Island Greening,' 

 'Baldwin,' and 'Northern Spy.' — A. P. 



Apple Orchard Survey of Ontario County. By H. M. Martin 



(U.S.A. Exp. Sin., Cornell, Bull. 307, Nov. 1911 ; 3 plates, 8 figs.). — 

 Numerous tables based on reports from 391 orchards covering an area 

 of 2,700 acres, the material collected being arranged from two stand- 

 points — the general distribution of orchards according to the different 

 factors enumerated, and the relations of different methods of manage- 

 ment to yield and income. The four-year average yield from an acre 

 was 58 -4 barrels and the income $111.51 (p. 172). The greatest yield 

 was produced by orchards between 25 and 29, and between 50 and 

 59 years old, but the largest income by those between 40 and 44 years 

 old (p. 183). The soils which produced the heaviest yields were the 

 sandy loams (p. 189). More than half the orchards were essentially 

 unsprayed, the four-year average income from these being $67.66 an 

 acre, while from those sprayed three times a season the average income 

 was $140.26 per acre (p. 202). — A. P. 



Apple Rust Controllable by Spraying. By E. T. Bartholomew 

 (Phytopathology, ii. pp. 252-257; Dec. 1912). — Apple rust due to 

 Gymnosporangium juniperae-virginianae, which has for its alternate host 

 Juniperus virginiana, seems to be increasing in the States with the 

 increased planting of the red cedar near apple orchards. It is con- 

 sidered that certain apples, of which a list is given, are more susceptible 

 to the rust than others, and it is advised that resistant varieties should 

 be grown. Spraying (in a single season's experiments) of the variety 

 ' Wealthy ' which is most susceptible, was found to give beneficial 

 results, but the time of carrying out the operation with hope of success 

 depends on the time of maturity of the fungus on the cedar. Bordeaux 

 mixture was used, and this reduced the amount of infection by a 

 great amount. Three sprayings were given. It would appear that the 

 spores of the fungus are able to be carried naturally for at least a 

 mile. — F. J. C. 



