NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 



269 



Apple Rust, Control of, by Spraying. By N. J. Giddings and 

 D. C. Neal [Phytopathology, ii. pp. 258-260 ; Dec. 1912 ; plates). — In 

 W. Virginia, 1 York Imperial ' and ' Rome Beauty ' were the varieties 

 suffering most. In this series of experiments the former variety and 

 1 Ben Davis ' were used. Bordeaux mixture, lime-sulphur, and atomic 

 sulphur (7 lb. to 50 gals, water) were used. Only one spraying was 

 given. All three sprays were effective in controlling the rust, but the 

 degree of success depended upon the time of application. The authors 

 consider it necessary to bear in mind when spraying for this pest, the 

 condition of the cedar apples, the condition of the apple foliage, and 

 the condition of the weather. — F. J. C. 



Apple Trees, Hints on Pruning. By J. C. Whitten (U.S.A. 

 St. Bd. Hort., Missouri, 4th Ann. Rep., 1910, pp. 172-7; 2 figs.).— 

 One remark at least in this paper is worth quoting : " Even the 

 man who prunes with the greatest skill cannot accurately tell another 

 man how to prune an apple tree." — A. P. 



Apples, Experiments in Breeding. By Hedrick and Wellington 

 (U.S.A. Exp. Sin., New York, Bull. 350, 186 pp. ; 17 pi.).— A record 

 of experiments in breeding certain apples, and of special value, as a 

 number of each specific cross were made. As an example, ' Esopus ' 

 X ' Ben Davis,' 29 trees were fruited, all of which showed variety in 

 mingling of the respective characters of their parents, and some 

 resembled one parent almost exactly. Some showed external 

 characters of 1 Esopus,' and internal characters of 1 Ben Davis.' In 

 some other crosses the hybrid exactly reproduced one parent. No 

 uniform dominance appeared. These facts are very suggestive that 

 apples will generally breed true, though the difficulty of selfing them 

 renders proof almost impossible. A further point is the fact that 

 nearly all seedlings showed a very thorny and crab-like appearance 

 at first, which they after grew out of. A popular edition of this Bulletin, 

 omitting tables and plates, is also published. — E. A. Bd. 



Apples in Boxes, The Packing of. By C. S. Wilson (U.S.A. 

 Exp. Stn., Cornell, Bull. 298, May 1911 ; 8 figs.). — A full description 

 of Western methods of packing and marketing apples. Not only 

 should all boxed fruit be first-class, but it should be graded into three 

 different sizes and each size packed by itself, the box and the method 

 of packing being adapted to the size of the fruit. The grading of fruit 

 is done by men trained to the work, and beginners are advised to use 

 a sizer or grader consisting of a thin board through which holes of the 

 correct diameter have been made. A table is given which was used 

 in the famous Hood River Valley, Oregon, in 1910, showing the pack, 

 the number of tiers, the number of apples in a row, the box to use, and 

 the number of apples in the box. — A. P. 



Araucaria, Morphology of. By L. L. Burlingame (Bot. Gaz., 

 pp. 97-114 ; Feb. 1913 ; with 11 figs, and 2 plates). — The author states 



