772 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 



new species, and 4 new varieties have been described in various publi- 

 cations by workers on Coccidae. This makes a total of 29 new genera, 

 9 new sub-genera, 540 new species, and 45 new varieties recorded 

 since the appearance of Mrs. Fernald's catalogue in 1903. The writer 

 believes this list to be fairly complete to March 1912. — V. G. J. 



Codling Moth (Jour. Econ. Entom. vol. v. pp. 147-169, April (1912). 

 — Two papers concerning the codling moth and its treatment appear 

 in this journal, the first dealing with the effect of vigorous spraying 

 as opposed to the usual light spray, and upholding the greater 

 efficiency of this method ; the second showing that one thorough 

 spraying with lead arseniate within ten days after the fall of the petals 

 will result in over 90 per cent, of the apples being clean, a further 

 small number being protected by spraying again three weeks later. 

 The importance of the early spraying before the closing of the calyx 

 cup is brought out in both papers. This moth appears to be far more 

 abundant in America than it is in this country. — F. J. C. 



Codling Moth and its Bird Enemies (U.S.A. Dep. Agr. Year 

 Book, 191 1, p. 236). — The loss from ravages of the codling moth is 

 estimated to reach twelve million dollars. The birds which are 

 known to prey upon the larvae are discussed, and among them we 

 note the English sparrow. The importation of the great titmouse 

 (Parus major) has been suggested, amongst other European natives, 

 but the dangers of such introductions have prevented the experiment 

 being attempted. — E. A. Bd. 



Codling Moth in Michigan, Life-History Studies of the. By 



A. G. Hammar (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bull. 115 ; Aug. 

 1912 ; 3 plates, 22 figs.). — The life of the codling moth and its larvae 

 are very variable under certain weather and other conditions. Variation 

 in size is particularly to be noticed. The adaptability of the insect 

 to remain dormant for a whole season and to transform subsequently 

 the third season may possibly occur more frequently than has been 

 actually observed. Such an adaptation would be of particular advan- 

 tage to the species in surviving adverse seasons. 



The writer has observed on several occasions that the larvae in 

 confinement will turn cannibal. He has also noticed that they will 

 eat the leaves of the apple trees. It may thus be suspected that in 

 cases of total crop failures the insect can subsist on foliage in sufficient 

 numbers for the perpetuation of the species. — V. G. J. 



Codling Moth, Lime-sulphur Wash an Efficient Ovicide for. 



By U. I. Safro (Jour. Econ. Entom. vol. v. pp. 385-395). — Reports 

 of the lessening of codling moth after spraying with lime-sulphur 

 led the author to study the effect of this spray upon the eggs of the 

 moth. His observations lead him to conclude that lime-sulphur, 

 even too strong for use on foliage and fruit, is, at best, an uncertain 

 ovicide, and its effectiveness of doubtful value economically. — F. J. C. 



