NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 



271 



possible. Small fruits can be, and are, kept in a frozen condition for 

 weeks, and even months, for use by bakers and confectioners. — C. H. L. 



Cranberry Spanworm, The. By F. H. Chittenden (U.S.A. Dept. 

 Agr., Bur. Entom., Bull. 66, pt. ii. ; 1 fig.). — This insect belongs to the 

 Geometridae. The moth is about 1 inch to 1J inch across the wings, 

 pale leaden grey with black and brown dots and irregular lines on the 

 wings. The larva is about 1} inch long, reddish brown, mottled, streaked 

 and lined with lighter yellowish red and black. Like many of the 

 geometers it has the habit of attaching itself to the food plant, and 

 extending the fore part of its body quite rigidly so that it is scarcely to be 

 distinguished from a twig. It is widely distributed in the States, and feeds 

 upon asparagus, strawberry, blackberry, geranium, apple, pear, orange, 

 willow, hickory, cranberry, honey locust, cotton, clover and guava. Spraying 

 with arsenate of lead, 1 lb. to 25 to 50 gallons of water, or Paris green 

 1 lb. to 100 to 150 gallons of water, is recommended. The scientific 

 name of the insect is Cleora pampinaria (=Boarmia collecta, Wlk.). 

 A bibliography is given.— F. J. C. 



Coloration in Plants. Anon. (Gard. Chron. No. 1121, p. 402; 

 June 20, 1908). — The writer of this article says: "Few phenomena of 

 nature are more striking than the brilliant and varied colours of the 

 flowers and the splendour of the tints in an autumnal woodland. But 

 although the matter has formed the subject of innumerable researches 

 much still remains to be done before we shall be in a position to give 

 anything like a complete explanation of the coloration in plants." 

 There are very many classes of colours, but for the sake of convenience 

 it is easy to group them into two classes. In one the pigment is 

 dissolved in the cell-sap, whilst in the other class the colour is 

 associated with small solid structures embedded in the cell. The 

 chlorophyll corpuscles which give the green colour to leaves belong to 

 the second class. — G. S. S. 



Conifers. By E. Goeze (Garten- Zeitung, June and July 1908). ■ — 

 A list of conifers arranged according to their place of origin and the 

 date of their original description. The names of their discoverers are 

 also given. — W. B. D. 



Conifers, Dwarf. By J. Clark (Gard. Chron. No. 1108, p. 179 ; 

 March 21, 1908).— A considerable number of dwarf conifers are shown 

 in this paper to be suitable for planting on rockeries or in beds. Nearly 

 two dozen species and varieties are enumerated and described ; many of 

 these would probably prove too large for most rockeries, but much depends 

 on the size of the rocks and their surroundings. — G. S. S. 



Conifers, New, from Formosa. By. B. Hayata (Gard. Chron. 

 No. 1109, p. 194 ; March 28, 1908).— The author, after a short explana- 

 tion of his position as regards the Formosan conifers, says : " The f, Mow- 

 ing are new species, which are very near the Japanese species." He then 

 describes seven species, and adds as a note after each its full description 

 in Latin. — G. S. S. 



