050 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



clean and pure seed, which should be properly treated with a spore- 

 destroying solution before sowing ; (2) the necessary rotation of crops to 

 allow time for the land to recover from Flax wilt sickness ; and (3) to keep 

 all Fljix straw away from the manure yard, as by this means spores are 

 largely disseminated. — E. F. H. 



Flower Beds, Permanent. By Alger Petts (Gard. Mag. No. 2595 

 and No. 2596, pp. 491 and 508; 25/7/03 and 1/8/03).— A practical 

 article on the formation, planting, and general management of perennial 

 flower-borders. The writer describes the method he follows in order to 

 produce a succession of bright effects in the open-air garden. — W. G. 



Flower Emblems and Legends. By J. A. Carnegie Cheales 

 (Gard. Mag. No. 2598, p. 542; 15/8/03). — An interesting article on 

 emblems, legends, and folklore of common flowers. — W. G. 



Fly, White {U.S.A. Exp. Stn. New Hampshire, Bull, 100, 

 3/1903; and Florida, Bull. 67, 6/1903; 6 plates).— The white fly 

 (Aleyrodes sp.) is, in the first paper quoted, said to do much mischief to 

 plants in greenhouses. A life-history of the species most commonly 

 occurring in greenhouses (see Journ. R.H.S. xxvii. p. 1202) is given, 

 showing that the whole life cycle is completed in about a month. In 

 New Hampshire the pest does not establish itself seriously outdoors, but 

 attacks Tomatos and Cucumbers particularly, although not confined to 

 these plants, especially in forcing-houses. Spraying with a mechanical 

 mixture of kerosene (5 per cent.) and water killed both adults and nymphs, 

 but might be injurious to the plants attacked. Fumigation with hydro- 

 cyanic-acid gas was most effectual, 1 oz. of potassium cyanide to 400 

 cubic feet of greenhouse space, the house being kept closed for nine 

 minutes. This treatment was sufficient to kill all the adult insects, and 

 not long enough to injure the Tomato and Cucumber plants which were 

 the only ones experimented with. 



In the second bulletin the white fly (Aleyrodes citri Ashmead) which 

 attacks Citrus trees is thoroughly described and well figured ; its life-history 

 (3 annual broods), modes of dissemination (wind, animals, and man), and its 

 native home are discussed. It is regarded as the worst pest of the Orange 

 in Florida. Gardenia, Ligustrum, Diospyros, &c, are also subject to its 

 attacks. Death of the trees rarely occurs through the attacks of the 

 white fly alone, but the yield of fruit is greatly reduced, and ripening 

 delayed. The honey-dew is quickly followed by the sooty mould (Meliola 

 camellia Sacc), a fungus which grows upon it, finally covering the 

 leaves and greatly interfering with their functions. The insect can with- 

 stand a greater degree of cold than the Orange, and the natural insect 

 enemies of the white fly seem to be almost absent from Florida. Three 

 species of fungi, the " brown fungus " (not named so far), Aschersonia 

 alcyrodis Webiier, and Spliairostilbe coccopliila Tul., attack the insect, and 

 frequently very successfully. It is recommended that a tree upon which 

 the insects are well attacked by the fungi should be transplanted into 

 infected groves us a means of spreading this remedy. 



Spraying with the following solution is advocated : 



