NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 



585 



Apple Orchards, Suggestions upon the Care of. By E. 



Walker (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Arkansas, Bull. 91 ; 1906). — Cultivation and 

 cover-cropping are discussed, 10 lb. crimson clover being sown with 

 1\ lb. of turnip seed. Fertilisers, drainage, pruning — the latter more 

 especially — are carefully described, with diagrams. The chief pests are 

 apple-scab, bitter-rot, rust, fly-speck fungus, sooty blotch ; and, of insects, 

 codling-moth, plum weevil, a narrow-winged katydid, and apple maggot. 

 Carbon bisulphide is used for killing sassafras sprouts. Protection 

 against rabbits is gained by using paint made of pure white lead and 

 linseed oil without turpentine. Spraying formulas, pumps, and nozzles 

 are discussed. — C. II. H. 



Apple Pests, Spraying for. By W. M. Scott and A. L. 

 Quaintance (U.S.A. Exp. Stu. Illinois, Farm. Bull. 283). — Bitter-rot, 

 caused by Glomerclla rufomaculans, is described. It is a disease of 

 hot, showery weather. The thorough application of Bordeaux mixture 

 is an almost complete protection against it. Ten-year-old trees sprayed 

 three times, at a total cost of 5\d,, yielded upwards of four barrels 

 to a tree. 



Apple-blotch, caused by a fungus (Phyllosticta), is described, and 

 like bitter-rot it is controlled by four applications of Bordeaux mixture. 



Leaf-spot and apple-scab are similarly controlled. Leaf-spot is due 

 to several fungi, perhaps the most prominent of which is a species of 

 Phyllosticta. A species of Hendersonia and the ordinary black-rot 

 fungus (Sphacropsis malorum) are found in connection with some of 

 these spots, and may be responsible for the injury in some cases. Other 

 fungi are also frequently present in the dead areas, and it is not always 

 clear which are the real parasites. 



Beside the good effect of spraying, say four times, with Bordeaux 

 mixture in preventing these diseases, the foliage of sprayed trees keeps on 

 long after unsprayed trees are defoliated. 



Apple-scab, which is the most serious disease the apple is subject to 

 in the U.S.A., is caused by Venturia inacqualis. 



A careful description follows of the codling-moth ; the character of 

 the injury ; how it passes the winter ; moth, egg, larva, pupa ; generations 

 of the insect, whether one or two generations in the year, according to 

 latitude. 



Spray immediately after the petals fall, so that a particle of the 

 poisoned spray shall be in the calyx cavity of every apple ; spray from 

 above, directing the spray downward ; use long extension-rods with an 

 elbow fitted between the end of the rod and the nozzle to better deflect 

 the spray. Some growers spray a second time, to further ensure that the 

 calyx of each apple shall contain a particle of poison ; another application 

 may be made three or four weeks after dropping of the petals ; another 

 at ten weeks, and still another two or three weeks later. Of the 

 arsenicals used arsenite of soda was found the cheapest, and quite 

 efficient : 1 lb. white arsenic, boiled for a few minutes with -1 lb. 

 sal soda (crystals) in 1 gallon of water, 1 pint of this stock solution 

 being used to forty or fifty gallons of water or Bordeaux mixture. Paris 

 green answers well with Bordeaux mixture ; if used alone, add lime. 



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