588 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



survive the winter. It is the mycelium in the cankers and in old 

 infected fruits that does this. 



Limbs of apple trees become infected only in spots where the bark 

 has been previously injured mechanically or by some other parasite. 

 Cankers may originate as late as the time of the apple harvest and in 

 wounds made at this time. 



The spores are very easily destroyed by copper sulphate. It seems 

 impossible to kill the fungus in the limb cankers by any permissible 

 external application. They must be destroyed by cutting off the affected 

 limbs. 



Outbreaks of the disease usually begin in July or August, but may 

 start as early as June 1 in N. lat. 38°. 



The spores are to some extent distributed by flies, but no insects are 

 largely instrumental in the distribution or development of the disease. 

 The spores are readily washed from cankers and infected fruits to fresh 

 fruits hanging below in the tree. Light showers most effectively aid 

 infection. Spores and spore masses are distributed by wind sometimes 

 to considerable distances. 



New apples are first infected only by spores produced in limb cankers, 

 or in infected apples (mummies) of the previous year, which have hung 

 during the winter on the trees. Neither the fungus nor its spores live 

 over winter in the ground or in anything upon the ground. 



The absolute eradication of the disease from an orchard is entirely 

 possible by careful collection and destruction of the cankers and 

 mummies, faithfully supplemented by effective spraying with Bordeaux 

 mixture and the prompt removal of early infected fruit. — M. C. C. 



Blaniulus guttulatus. By Dublesel and J. Beziat (Le Jardin, 

 vol. xxi. No. 492, p. 247 ; August 20, 1907). — A minute myriapod, like 

 a white maggot, with red spots on each side of its body, pernicious in 

 the kitchen garden. It attacks seeds, e.g., peas, beans, haricots ; the 

 fleshy parts of vegetables, e.g., carrots, turnips, beetroot, and potato 

 tubers ; ripe strawberries, and even bulbs of tulips, hyacinths, &c. The 

 best way to eliminate this pest is to pull up the affected plants and treat 

 the ground with a solution of copper sulphate and lime. — F. A. W. 



Blepharocalyx spiraeoides. By 0. Stapf {Bot. Mag. tab. 8123).— 



Nat. ord. Myrtaceae ; tribe Myrtcac ; Brazil. A much-branched shrub 

 9 feet high ; leaves lanceolate, ^-4 inch long ; flowers in panicles ; petals 

 pale yellow ; berry red or violet black. — G. H. 



Bordeaux Mixture. By Spencer Pickering, F.R.S. (Gard. Chron. 

 No. 1078, p. 150, August 24, 1907).— This fungicide is admitted by most 

 cultivators to be the most effective agent known for the destruction of 

 fungoid parasites. It is essential, however, that it should be applied of 

 the proper strength, othorwise it will either injure the plant or not kill 

 the fungus. This paper explains the process of manufacture and the 

 action of this fungicide in a very clear and interesting manner. — G. S. S. 



Bordeaux Injury. I>y U. I'. Bendrick (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. New 

 fork, 287; March 1907). — It has long been known that, under some 



