b'22 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



Spraying". By Albert Dickens and Robt. E. Eastman (U.S.A. Exp. 

 Stn. Kansas, Bull. 145 ; April 1906 ; 7 figs.). — The various materials 

 used in spraying are briefly discussed, and it is found that the most 

 satisfactory combination of insecticide and fungicide is Bordeaux mixture 

 and arsenate of lead. The various means of operating the pump are 

 described — viz., spray-pumps operated by hand, air-pressure, carbonic 

 gas, gasolene engine. Preparations for spraying should be made suf- 

 ficiently early in the year in order to ensure the obtaining of materials 

 of guaranteed quality. The effect of spraying is shown to result in a 

 large increase of sound fruit, and the sprayed orchards have suffered 

 no injury from insect or fungoid pests. A spray calendar is then given, 

 with formulas for the preparation of the principal insecticides and 

 fungicides. — C. H. H. 



Spraying. By A. V. Schermerhorn (Trans. Hort. Soc. Illinois, 

 1905, p. 333). — Spraying is essential in apple and peach orchards. The 

 Bordeaux mixture should be used, plus Paris green, as insecticide, and 

 the 4-4-4 formula has been found most satisfactory, viz., 4 lb. lime, 

 4 lb. copper sulphate, and 4 oz. of Paris green to fifty gallons of water. 

 To get a perfect mixture, dissolve the lime and copper sulphate separately, 

 each in twenty-five gallons of water. Then pour together into a third 

 receptacle and add poison. This ensures thorough mechanical mixture 

 and better suspension. 



It is best that the lime should be newly slaked (not a stock solution), 

 the Paris green should be pure, and the copper sulphate dissolves most 

 rapidly when suspended in the water and barely covered by it. Spray 

 three times at least, first in " the pink of the bloom," when buds are 

 just showing pink before they open. This is for apple-scab and fungoid 

 diseases. Secondly, whe*n the petals first begin to fall. Thirdly, ten 

 days later, when the petals fall readily. The two latter are against 

 codling-moth. It should be done steadily year after year, as much in 

 private orchards as in commercial, and is equally beneficial for peach- 

 leaf curl. 



Anything under forty acres can be done with a hand-pump, but for 

 larger areas a power-engine of some sort will be required.— C. II. L. 



Spraying 1 Apples : Relative Merits of Liquid and Dust 

 Applications. By Charles S. Crandall (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Illinois, 

 Bull. 106 ; February 1906 ; 11 figs.). — The results of experiments have 

 shown that Bordeaux mixture, applied with arsenites as a dust spray, 

 have only two advantages over liquid spray : (i.) that it is about 50 

 per cent, cheaper ; (ii.) is easier to transport about the orchard. Beyond 

 this it has ro advantages whatever, it being absolutely ineffective as 

 a preventive of the attacks of fungi — notably apple-scab and fruit-blotch 

 — and is much less effective as an insecticide than is the liquid method 

 of applying arsenites. The workmen employed were unanimous in 

 ehoosing liquid spraying, as being less disagreeable than the dust spray. 



C. H. H. 



Spraying 1 Experiments. By Professor C. S. Crandall (Trans. 

 Hort. Soc. Illinois, 1905, pp. 251 266).— Foliage injury following the 



