NEW YORK. 



237 



near its entrance into the Hudson ; their heiglit is 62 feet ; the banks of the river are walls of 

 rock, 140 feet high. Little Falls constitute a beautiful rapid some miles above. Glen''s Falls 

 are upon the Hudson, 18 miles above Saratoga, and are a grand rapid, falling 67 feet in a course 

 of 500 feet. Jessup''s Falls and Hadhy Falls are beautiful cataracts on the same stream, a 

 few miles above. Claverack Falls are upon a stream near the city of Hudson ; they descend 

 down a precipice of dark rocks into a deep chasm shaded with forest trees. Tiie beautiful 

 cataracts near Ithaca comprise 438 feet of descent in a mile ; one of them falls 116 feet. The 

 romantic cascades in the Catskill mountains have been already mentioned. 



16. Face of the Country. The eastern part of the State is mountainous, with level tracts 

 interspersed ; the western is mostly level, except near the Pennsylvania line, where it becomes 

 hilly. There is a singular elevation, called the Ridge., extending from Niagara River, below 

 the falls, easterly 70 miles to Rochester on the Genesee ; this ridge is narrow, not generally 

 exceeding 100 feet in widih, and slopes away gently on both sides ; a road passes along its 

 top. The height of the ridge above the waters of Lake Ontario, is about 160 feet, though it 

 does not rise more than 30 feet above the surrounding country. Tweniy miles south of this, 

 is another ridge, from Genesee River to Black Rock, on Lake Erie. 



POLITICAL GliOGRAPHY. 



1. Divisions. New York is divided into 58 counties,* which are subdivided mto 807 town- 

 ships, comprising 9 cities and 125 incorporated villages. 



Population at different periods. 



1790, 340,120 1820, .... 1,372,812 



1300, .... 586,756 1830, .... 1,918,608 



ISIO, 959,049 1835, .... 2,174,517 



2. Canals. New York surpasses every State in the Union for canals. The great Erie and 

 Hudson Canal, from Albany to Buflalo, was begun in 1817, and finished in 1825, at the cost 

 of above 7,000,000 of dollars. It is 363 miles long, and was originally 40 feet wide and 4 

 feet deep, but has since been deepened to 6 and widened to 70 feet. Beginning at Albany, on 

 the Hndson, it passes up the west bank of the river nearly to the mouth of the Mohawk ; thence 

 along the Mohawk to Schenectady, crossing the river twice by aqueducts. From Schenec- 

 tady, it follows the southern bank of the Mohawk to Rome, approaching so near the river in 

 some places, as to require embankments to support it ; one of these, at Amsterdam village, is 

 five or six miles in length. What is called the Long Level., or a distance of 69| miles without 

 any intervening lock, begins at Frankfort, 8 miles east of Uiica, and terminates near Syracuse. 

 From this place, the canal proceeds 35 miles to Montezuma, on the eastern border of the Ca- 

 yuga marshes ; these are three miles in extent. From hence to the great embankment, v.hich 

 is 72 feet high and nearly two miles in length, is a distance of 52 miles. Eight miles further, 

 begins the Genesee level, which extends west to Lockport, 65 miles ; 7 miles from this place 

 to Pendleton village, the canal enters Tonnewanda Creek, which it follows 12 miles, and then, 

 passing up the east shore of Niagara River, joins Lake Erie at Buffalo. In the whole length 

 of the canal, are 83 locks and 18 aqueducts. The locks are built in the most dmable manner, 

 of stone laid in water-lime, and are each 105 feet long and 15 wide. Ijake Erie is 565 feet 

 above the Hudson at Albany, and the whole rise and fall of lockage on the canal is 698 feet. 



Albany 



Alleghany 



Rroonie 



Cattaraugus 



Cayuga 



Chatauque 



Chemung 



Chenango 



Clinton 



Columbia 



Cortland 



Delaware 



Duchess 



Erie 



Essex 



Franklin 



Fulton 



Genesee 



Greene 



Hamilton 



Herkimer 



.Jefferson 



Kings 



Lewis 



Livingston 



Madison 



Monroe 



Montgomery 



New York 



Niagara 



Oneida 



Onondaga 



Ontario 



Orange 



Orleans 



Oswego 



Otsego 



Putnam 



Queens 



Rensselaer 



Richmond 



Rockland 



Saratoga 



Schenectady 



Schoharie 



Seneca 



St. Lawrence 



Steuben 



Suffolk 



Sullivan 



Tioga 



Tompkins 



Ulster 



Warren 



Washington 



Wa3'ne 



Westchester 



Yates 



