248 



NEW YORK. 



ton cloths, iron, salt, paper, leather, beer, and glass. There are also great numbers of me- 

 chanics' shops, in which the numerous trades necessary for the supply of agricultural and 

 mechanical implements, machinery, furniture, clothing, &c., not only for the State, but for the 

 west, are carried on. The wliole annual value of the products of this branch of industry may 

 be estimated at about 80,000,000 dollars. Above 25,000,000 yards of cottons, and 7,000,000 

 of woolens are made in the factories, beside which about 9,000,000 of cottons, linens, and 

 woolens are made in families. 



Products of some JWanufacturing Establishments. 





IVumber. 



Value of Products 



Grist Mills, 



2,264 



$ 20,000,000 



Saw Mills, - 



• 5,200 



7,000,000 



Fulling Mills, 



1,220 



2,900,000 



Carding Machines, ■ 



■ 1,600 



2,300,000 



Cotton Factories, 



76 



3,000,000 



Woolen " 



220 



2,500,000 



Iron Works, 

 Distilleries, 

 Rope Works, 

 Dyeing and Print Works, 

 Tanneries, 

 Breweries, 



Number. 

 170 

 1,129 



Value of Prcducls. 



$4,350,000 

 3,000,000 

 1,000,000 

 2,500,000 

 5,600,000 

 1,400,000 



Salt springs abound in the western part of the State, and great quantities of salt are manufac- 

 tured in different places. The most noted of the salt works are those of Salina, Syracuse, 

 and Geddes, in the township of Salina, near Onondaga Lake ; here the salt water is obtained by 

 sinking wells and boring ; it is raised by large metallic pumps, moved by the surplus water of 

 the Erie Canal, or by steam, conveyed into reservoirs, and jjassed through pipes to the manu- 

 factocies. The works principally used in the manufactory of the salt, are denominated Blocks, 

 Solar works, and Steam works. The Blocks are constructed with boilers containing from SO 

 to 120 gallons each, and placed in masonry in two parallel lines, having from 8 to 20 in each 

 line. In the boiling, a portion of the impurities, sulphate and carbonate of lime stained with 

 iron, is deposited in ladles, and taken out, and the evaporation of the brine is continued till but 

 a small quantity remains, when the salt is taken out into baskets and drained. The inner sur 

 face of the boilers soon becomes incrusted with a hard compound of the earthy substances and 

 salt, which require frequent removal to prevent overheating and cracking the metal. Next in 

 mportance are the works adjoining the Erie Canal for evaporation by solar heat ; these con- 

 sist of wooden vats, resting upon small posts driven into the ground ; the width of the vats is 

 18h feet ; their depth from 6 to 15 inches, and they are from 80 to 640 feet long ; they have 

 roofs in divisions of 16 feet each, sustained by rollers which travel on Ipvel supporters, and are 

 moved on and off by the strength of one man. The water from the reservoirs is received first 

 into the deepest vats, in which is deposited much of the iron or coloring matter, which appears 

 in the form of a pellicle, as soon as the tempRrature, which, at the wells is 50"^, is increased. 



From these it is passed through pipes mto shallower vats, where it remains till, by the evap- 

 oration and concentration of the brine, and the precipitation of sulphate and carbonate of lime, 

 it is sufficiently depurated for the crystalization of the salt, which then begins to appear on the 

 surface. The brine, leaving behind the substances that have been separated, is again drawn 

 off into vats on a level still lower, which are kept clean, and in which the salt is made with 

 greater or less rapidity according to the altitude of the sun, the clearness of the atmosphere, 

 and the strength of the wind. The salt is shoveled into tubs, drained for a fev/ minutes, and, 

 without further drying, is conveyed in carts to the storehouses. The measured bushel will 

 weigli from 74 to 85 pounds, the product of the slowest evaporation being the heaviest. When 

 the weather has been clear and calm, and the salt water free from agitation, the surface has 

 often been heated to 122^, while that at the bottom of the vat was 106"^, and by the hydro- 

 meter was ascertained to be specifically lighter than the upper portions. The mother ivater, 

 remaining after the extraction of the salt, is a solution of the muriates of lime and magnesia, 

 possessing a pungent taste unlike the bitter in that from the sea, and containing very little mag- 

 nesia. The solar establishments at Syracuse occupy 120 acres ; the aggregate surface of the 

 vats is 1,500,000 square feet. The steam works are similar in their construction to the 

 Blocks ; the boilers are covered, to save the steam produced in boiling the water to satu- 

 ration ; by condensation, in its passage through metalic pipes immersed in the brine in deep 

 wooden vats, the heat is applied a second time to the crystalizing of the salt. The Salina 

 salt is beautifully white, and fine grained ; the whole quantity made yearly exceeds 2,000,000 



