SOUTH CAROLINA. 



307 



lofty and broken surface, but the whole of the State, toward the sea, is flat and swampy. The 

 high land and much of the low country, are fertile, but there are some parts of a different 

 character, denominated Pine Barrens. The soil is divided by the planters into 1. the tide 

 swamp, and 2. inland swamp, which are best adapted to the cultivation of rice and hemp ; 3. high 

 river swamp, or second low grounds, favorable to the growth of hemp, corn, and indigo ; 4. 

 salt marsh ; 5. oak and hickory high land, which is highly fertile, and yields corn, cotton, and 

 inoigo ; and 6. pine barren, which, though the least productive, is the most healthy soil of the 

 low country. A portion of the last is considered as a necessary appendage to every swamp 

 plantation, for erecting the dwelling-house of the planter. The hilly portion consists of a 

 { omparalively small tract, in the northwestern extremity. 



S. Minerals. Veins of gold exist in this State, and it is probable that the metal is abun- 

 dant ; but mines have not yet been extensively worked. 



9. Vegetable Productions. The indigenous vegetation of this State combines the produc 

 tions of the temperate and tropical regions, comprising the oaks and palms, pines and hickory. 

 The palmetto or cabbage-palm attains the height of from 40 to 50 feet, and yields a substance 

 which is eaten as a salad, and resembles the cabbage in taste. 



10. Face of the Country. The coast for 100 miles from the ocean, is covered with for- 

 ests of pitch pine, with swampy tracts here and there. Beyond this, is a parallel belt of terri- 

 tory, called the Middle Country, consisting of low sand hills, resembling the waves of an agi- 

 tated sea. This tract occasionally presents an oasis of verdure, or a few straggling pine trees, 

 and sometimes a field of maize or potatoes. The middle country is bounded by another belt 

 of land called the Ridge, where the country rises by a steep and sudden elevation, and after- 

 wards continues gradually to ascend. Beyond, the surface exhibits a beautiful alternation of 

 hill and dale, interspersed with extensive forests, and watered by pleasant streams. There are 

 a few lofty mountains in the western part. 



POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. 



1. Divisions and Population. South Carolina is divided into 29 districts.* In the low 

 country the slaves exceed the whites three to one, that section containing only about one fifth 

 of the whites with half of the black population. 



Population at Different Periods. 





Whites. 



Slaves. 



Free Colored. 



Total Colored. 



Total Pop. 



1790 



140,178 



107,094 



1,801 



108,895 



249,073 



1800 . 



106,255 



146,151 



3,185 



149,336 



345,591 



1810 



214,196 



196,365 



4, .554 



200,919 



415,115 



1820 . 



237,440 



258,475 



6,826 



265,301 



502,741 



1830 



257,863 



315,401 



7,921 



323,322 



581,185 



1840 . 













2. Canals. The Santee Canal connects that river with Cooper River, which runs into 

 Charleston harbor ; it is 22 miles long, 35 feet broad at the surface, and 4 feet deep. It has 

 9 locks, overcoming 68 feet of ascent from Cooper River to the summit level, and 4 locks 

 with 35 feet descent to the Santee. The cost of this canal was 650,667 dollars. It was 

 finished in 1802. The Wateree Canals pass around the falls upon that river, above Camden. 

 There are canals upon Broad and Saluda rivers, which, in connexion with the rivers below, 

 and the Santee Canal, constitute an inland navigation, 150 miles, from Charleston to Cambridge, 

 in the western part of the State. 



3. Railroads. The Charleston and Augusta Railroad extends from Charleston to Ham- 

 burg, on the Savannah, opposite Augusta. Length, 135 miles. The Charleston and Cincin- 

 nati Railroad is a great projected work, 600 miles in length. The portion of it in South Car- 

 olina is in progress, and extends through Columbia to the northwestern section of the State 



• Abbeville 

 Anderson 

 Barnwell 

 Beaufort 

 Charleston 

 Chester 

 Chesterfield 

 Colleton 



Darlington 



Edgefield 



Fairfield 



Georgetown 



Greenville 



Horry 



Kershaw 



Lancaster 



Laurens 



Lexington 



Marion 



Marlborough 



Newberry 



Orangeburg 



Pickens 



Richland 



Spartanburg 



Sumter 



Union 



Williamsburg 

 York. 



