NEW BRUNSWICK. — NOVA SCOTIA. 



S89 



mode of life, which is passed far beyond the restraints of religion and society. The Indians 

 are still numerous in the Canadas. 



8. Education and Religion. The inhabitants are chiefly Roman Catholics. That sect has 

 several colleges and seminaries, in which an elementary or classical education may be obtained, 

 and numerous elementary schools have been established. 



CHAPTER XLTV. NEW BRUNSWICK. 



1. Boundaries and Divisions. The British province of New Brunswick is bounded N. 

 by Lower Canada, from which it is separated by the River Restigouche and the Bay of Cha- 

 leur ; E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; S. by Nova Scotia and the Bay of Fundy, and W. 

 by Maine. Area, 28,000 square miles. It is divided into 10 counties, and is but thinly in- 

 habited, having a population of 110,000 souls. The interior is inhabited by Indians, and is 

 mostly unexplored, the settlements being chiefly on the St. John, the Miramichi, and the 

 Gulf of St. Lawrence. 



2. Soil and Face of the Country. The surface is mostly broken and uneven, but not moun- 

 tainous. There is much fertile soil on the rivers, consisting of alluvial or interval lands, and 

 most of the country is covered with a dense forest. 



3. Rivers. The river St. John rises in the northeastern part of Maine, and traversing the 

 northern part of that State, enters New Brunswick, through which it flows southeasterly into 

 the Bay of Fundy. It is navigable for sloops to Frederickton, SO miles, and for boats, 200 

 miles, although its course is much broken by falls and rapids. Just above its mouth are falls, 

 which can be passed only at high tide, and soon after entering New Brunswick, the whole 

 body of the river plunges over a precipice of rocks 75 feet in height, exhibiting a scene of 

 great grandeur. The St. Francis, a small branch from the north, forms the boundary line be- 

 tween Maine and Lower Canada, proposed by the King of Holland. The Miramichi, which 

 flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is navigable for sea-vessels about 40 miles. 



4. Bays. The coast on the Gulf of St. Lawrence is sandy, and most of the harbors are 

 obstructed by bars. The Bay of Chaleur is 80 miles in length, and from 15 to 30 in breadth, 

 and contains some good harbors. On the south are the fine Bay of Passamaquoddy, and the 

 Bay of Fundy. The latter is 200 miles in length, and about 40 in breadth, and is remarkable 

 for the great and rapid rise of its tides, which attain the height of 70 feet. The islands of 

 Campobello and Grand Menan lie at the entrance of the bay. 



5. Towns. The principal town is the city of St. John, at the mouth of the river of the 

 same name, with 12,000 inhabitants. It has a good harbor, and a number of public buildings, 

 among which are several churches. The streets are irregular and steep. Fredericton, on the 

 St. John, is the seat of government. It has 2,000 inhabitants, and contains government build- 

 ings, and the college of New Brunswick. Jfew Castle, on the Miramichi, is noted for its lum- 

 ber trade and ship-building. St. Andrews is a thriving town with a brisk trade, at the mouth 

 of the St. Croix, It is pleasantly situated, and has a good harbor, the entrance of which, 

 however, is obstructed by a bar. Population, 3,000. 



6. Government. The chief executive officer, styled Lieutenant-Governor, is appointed by 

 the crown, and there is a provincial legislature, consisting of a council and a legislative assem- 

 bly 



CHAPTER XLV. NOVA SCOTIA. 



1. Boundaries and Divisions. Having the Bay of Fundy on the N., the Gulf of St. 

 Lawrence on the E., and the Atlantic Ocean on the S. and W., Nova Scotia forms a peninsu- 

 la joined to the mainland by a narrow neck, about 10 miles in width. Including the Island of 

 Cape Breton, it is divided into 12 counties, with 185,000 inhabitants. The peninsula has a 

 surface of 16,000 square miles. 



2. Soil, Face of the Country, and Climate. A great proportion of the soil is fertile and 

 well adapted to grazing or tillage. The surface is uneven, and in some parts rugged and hilly, 

 but nowhere rises above 800 feet. The climate is healthy ; the cold is severe, but the air is 

 dry except in some particular exposures. On the Atlantic coasts disagreeable sea-fogs prevail. 



3. Hivers and Bayi. There are no rivers of much extent ; the .Annapolis, emptying itself 



