ABSTRACTS. 



281 



pp. 87-89, 1901). — The fungus of Antirrhinum anthracnose (Colletotri- 

 chuni dntirrhini), which was supposed to be confined exclusively to Antir- 

 rhinum, has recently been found on the common yellow Toad Flax. 

 Since this weed may communicate the disease to, intirrhinum, care should 

 be taken to exclude the Toad Flax from the neighbourhood of gardens 

 where Antirrhinum is cultivated. — M. C. C. 



Apple Orchard, Growing* the. By Wm. B. Alwood (U.S.A. 

 Exp. Stn. Virginia, Bull. 99). — Laying off the orchard; distances for 

 planting ; interspacing, establishing the position where the tree is to 

 stand ; digging the holes ; preparing the trees for planting ; setting the 

 trees ; selecting nursery stock ; time of setting ; pruning young trees ; 

 growth of pruned and unpruned trees ; cultivating the young orchard, 

 first and second years; high or low heading. Well illustrated. —C. H. H. 



Apple Orehard, The Experimental (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Kansas; 

 January 1902). — Trial of budded trees with trees grafted on whole and 

 piece-root, cultivation by plough, acme harrow, and disc cultivators. 



The great principle is that the soil should be stirred as soon, after 

 each rain that softens the surface, as the ground is in suitable condition, 

 to prevent the formation of crust and the resulting evaporation and to 

 obtain the valued dust mulch. 



Cow Peas considered the best cover crop for winter. Observations 

 have been made as to the date of blossoming and investigations of the 

 problems of pollination begun. Description of varieties of trees, habit of 

 growth, bark on trunk, branches, twigs, foliage, bearing. — C. H. H. 



Apple Rots in Illinois. By George P. Clinton (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. 

 Illinois, Bull. 69 ; 10 plates ; February 1902). 



The Broicn Bot (Monilia fructigena) in some years is a common cause 

 of the rotting of summer varieties. 



Soft Bot (Bhizopus nigricans) is more of a saprophyte than a para- 

 site, and is a common cause of rotting in mature fruits. 



Fruit Blotch (Phyllosticta sp.) appears at first as small dark 

 coloured blotches of irregular shape scattered over the surface of the 

 Apples. On these are seen the small pustules or conceptacles which 

 contain the spores, which are oval (7-10 fx long). These will germinate 

 readily in a drop of water. Later in the season the discoloured spots 

 become enlarged, and more or less merged in extended and often slightly 

 sunken areas, and the diseased tissue extended inward, so that sometimes 

 the whole Apple is affected with dry rot. The fungus is distinct from 

 P. limitata (Peck), and also P. pirina (Sacc.) and P. prunicola (Opiz.). 

 So far as can be ascertained, the fungus seems to be a new species. 



Black Bot (Spharopsis Malorum). — This rot usually appears on green 

 Apples only where injured in some manner, and commonly on windfalls. 



Bitter Bot (Glceosporium fructigenum). — By far the most destructive 

 of any of the Apple rots, and here fully described in its various phases. 

 It begins to appear on the green fruit about July, when sporules are 

 developed. In the fall, or succeeding spring, an ascigerous stage is 

 produced as a saprophyte, and this has been named Gnomon iops is 



