282 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



fructigoia (Clint.) ; the perithelia are often concealed by dark olive 

 mycelial felt, the asci somewhat club-shaped (55-70 p long), the sporidia 

 sausage-shaped (12-22 x 3J.-5 /*). This stage is only developed on 

 decayed fruits. Artificial cultures and experiments on infection are 

 described fully. Old bitter-rot Apples lying on the ground or mummies 

 attached to the tree are apparently the source of infection for the 

 coming year, and these especially should be destroyed. Spraying for the 

 early stage has been tried with more or less success. To be of service it 

 should be commenced before the first appearance of the rot, and repeated 

 until all danger is past. — 31. C. C. 



Apple Sawfly, The. By P. Martin Duncan (Gard. Mag. No. 2521, 

 p. 113 ; 22/2/1902). — An illustrated account of this insect pest. Its life- 

 history is given, as well as notes on the various ways of preventing its 

 ravages. The codlin moth is also described, so that the difference 

 between it and the Apple sawfly may be recognised. — W. G. 



Apple Trees, The early Growth and Training* of. By Charles 

 A. Keffer (U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Tennessee; December 1901). — Most of the 

 growth is made by July 1. The outermost branches make their principal 

 growth in length earlier than do those nearest the trunk. The terminal 

 shoots after June 30 grow less than the laterals. Pinching is employed 

 to maintain symmetrical development in young trees : it causes the buds 

 immediately below to become more mature and more certain to form 

 branches than they otherwise would. The object of training is to get 

 ample light to every part of the crown when the tree shall come into 

 bearing, while securing the greatest possible strength in the branches. 



G. H. H. 



Apples, Classes Of. By E. Bartrum, D.D. (Gard, Mag. No. 2518, 

 ]). (').") ; 1/2/1902).— A series of notes (continued in Nos. 2519 and 2520) 

 upon Apples classified in groups such as the Calvilles or Colvilles, 

 Rennets or Reinnettes, Pearmains, Russets, and so on. Dr. Bartrum 

 discusses the subject in such a way that the articles are most interesting 

 reading, giving historical notes on the sorts, their relative value from an 

 edible standpoint and adaptability to various soils and localities, besides 

 many interesting notes one does not find in the ordinary standard works 

 on pomology. Dr. Bartrum should himself write a book on the subject 

 embodying these fragmentary contributions on his favourite subject. 



W. G. 



Apples, Little-known. By E. Molyneux (Garden, No. 1582, 

 p. 171 ; 16/8/1902). — There are certain varieties of Apples, exclusive of 

 looft] ones, that are little known to Apple growers generally, and a number 

 of these are given by Mr. Molyneux, together with valuable remarks as to 

 their characteristics. — E. T. C. 



Apples: Some Diseases of Trees and Fruit. By Dr. T. J. 



Burrill {U.S.A. Eort. Soc. Illinois, 1901, pp. 438-446).— This is a 

 valuable paper upon Apple scab, bitter, black, and brown rots, blight, 

 brown gall, and rotten root. The author prefaces his paper with a short 



