ABSTRACTS. 



353 



of the composition and effect of the various well-known spraying mixtures : 

 e.g. Paris green, Bordeaux mixture, ammoniacal copper carbonate. 

 The plates show : (1) bitter rot spores as seen under the microscope, 

 (a) before, and (b) after germination ; (2) proper and improper spraying ; 

 (3) Apples properly and improperly sprayed ; (4) leaves properly and 

 improperly sprayed, the other plates showing the appearances of the 

 various mixtures, Ac. V. J. M. 



Spraying* the Orchard. By Wm. B. Alwood (U.S.A. Exp. sin., 

 Virginia, Bull. 100). — Spraying is not usually necessary for diseases in 

 young orchards during the first four or five years, but after this, spraying 

 ought to begin. Alkali wash is recommended to be used in alternate 

 winters. Weak solution of copper sulphate is a good fungicide, and 

 cheaper, though not so cleansing. 



To renovate an old orchard, cut out the dead wood and thin the trees, 

 to admit air and sunlight ; in order to avoid too severe a shock the 

 thinning out may be extended over two years. Before spraying, scrape 

 the trunks and harks with a triangular scraper. Spray for the first two 

 winters with alkali, at a strength of 3 degs. Beaum6, applied from the 

 ground to the ends of the branches. 



In summer wash with weak Bordeaux mixture. 



First spraying of dormant trees (March 17). — Ninety-three very large 

 trees, 30 ft. high, with an equal spread of branches, took 325 gallons 

 of weak solution of bluestone, three men and team five hours. Cost : 

 13 lb. bluestone at <H cents, 59 cents ; one half-day team, 75 cents ; half- 

 day for three men $1.50, $2.84 ; a fraction over 8 cents per tree. 



Second spraying (April 28). — Buds opening ; sprayed with Bordeaux 

 mixture, 400 gallons. Cost: 32 lb. bluestone=$1.44 ; 40 lb. lime, 

 40 cents ; eight hours for three men, $2.40 ; eight hours for team, $1.20. 

 Total, $5.44 ; a fraction less than G cents per tree. 



Third spraying (May 12). — Bloom fallen. Bordeaux mixture and 

 green arsenite, 8 oz. to 50 galls. Bordeaux ; ten hours three men and 

 team, 400 galls. Cost : Bluestone and lime as above, $1.84 ; three men, 

 $3 ; team, $1.50 ; poison, 4 lb. 50 cents. Total, $0.84 ; about 7^ cents 

 per tree. These trees in good years have borne over thirty bushels per 

 tree. Cost of the three sprayings $15.12 cents, or 16 ft cents per tree. 



Spraying the Young Orchard — 603 trees, eleven years old. 



First spraying (March 13). — Trees dormant. Weak solution of blue- 

 stone, three men and team, eight hours ; 325 gallons solution. Cost of 

 labour and material, $4.19 ; a fraction under , 7 0 cent per tree. 



Second spraying (April 26). Buds just opening. — 450 gallons 

 Bordeaux. Time of three men and team, ten hours. Cost : Three men, $3 ; 

 team, $1.50; 26 lb. bluestone, $1.62 ; 45 11). lime, 45 cents. Total, $6.57 ; 

 a fraction over a cent per tree. 



Third spraying (May 16, 17). Bloom fallen. — Bordeaux and green 

 arsenite, 8 oz. to 50 gallons Bordeaux. Time, seventeen hours ; three men 

 and team, 850 gallons. Cost : Men, $5.10 ; team, $2.55 ; bluestone, 

 $3.06; lime, 85 cents ; poison, $1.08. Total, $12.64, or a fraction over 

 two cents per tree. 



