354 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



Total cost of three applications, £23.40, or 3 ft cents per tree by student 

 labour ; if by trained labour the cost would be one -third less. 



Many of these trees bore five to eight bushels of Apples. 



The time to spray. — First application, dormant season. To clean 

 the trees of Lichen ; to destroy hibernating insects in form of egg, larva?, 

 or pupa? ; and, as a fungicide against Apple-scab (Fusicladmm dendri- 

 tieum) and brown rot of stone fruit (Monilia fructigena) &c. 



1. The alkali wash by cleaning the bark also renders it less liable to 

 attack by the canker-producing fungi, and less opportunity for insects and 

 fungi to find lodgment on the trunks and limbs. 



2. The alkali wasli destroys the eggs of Aphis mail and Mali folia, 

 which are found on the twigs in winter and attack the young foliage as soon 

 as it appears, and are very difficult to treat after the leaves become curled. 

 It also destroys the woolly aphis (Schizoneura lanigera), which hibernates 

 in wounds and under cracks in the bark ; and the larvae of the codlin 

 moth (Carpocapsa pomonella), which commonly hibernate under cracks in 

 the outer bark. 



3. As a direct fungicidal application to destroy pathogenic forms like 

 the scab fungus and spores of the brown rot fungus, the winter treatment 

 is excellent. The scab fungus hibernates on the twigs of Apple as delicate 

 strands or threads (mycelium), and the alkali wash helps to destroy this 

 growth. The spores of brown rot which adhere to the limbs and trunks 

 of Plum, Peach, and Cherry trees are destroyed by this wash. (The 

 mummied fruit should be removed from trees.) For these fungi the weak 

 solution of copper is a good wash, but alkali is believed to be even better. 



Time of applying winter luashes. — Any time that suits the grower 

 during the dormant period ; in calm mild weather it is customary to 

 spray in February or March before the buds push. 



For San Jose Scale. — One pound soap to a gallon of water. The soap 

 wash cleans the trees beautifully. 



Winter washes, when orchard is in good condition, are usually not 

 deemed necessary oftener than once in every two or three years, unless it 

 is to keep down aphids or scale insects. 



Second spraying. — The first Bordeaux and poison spray is to prevent 

 the development on Apple, of scab, orange rust {Gymnosporangium 

 macropus), the brown spot of leaf {Phyllosticta pirina) ; and on stone 

 fruits, the leaf curl of Peach (Exoascus deformans), leaf spot (Septoria 

 cerasina), and the brown rot of fruit. Among the insects poisoned on 

 Apple are the tent caterpillar (Clisiocampa amcricana), bud moth (Tcmcto- 

 ccra ocellana), occasionally canker-worm (Anysopteryx spp.), and both 

 pome and stone fruit weevils (Conotrachelus nenuphar). 



Apple scab grows out at once when the buds open on the young 

 leaves and upon the fruiting stems, and the young fruit as soon as set, 

 and may in this manner largely destroy the crop before it reaches the 

 size of full-grown Cherries. The brown spot of the leaf begins at the 

 same time from spores on old leaves. 



It is surprising how quickly insects yield at this stage, while if left 

 until their ravages are noticeable the treatment seems to give little relief, 

 as the insi'cts, when half-grown or nearly mature, yield much less readily 

 to poison. 



