ABSTRACTS. 



355 



The time to apply the first spring spray. — Begin when the fruit buds 

 have pushed out so as to part the thick scales, partially disclosing them- 

 selves, and the whorl of leaves which surround the cluster of fruit buds are 

 appearing. Cease when the trees open their blossoms, because it may 

 kill bees, and spraying is itself inimical to pollination. 



If aphids or scale insects, soap washes are best. One pound good 

 whale-oil soap to six gallons of water. 



Third application — Second Bordeaux and poison spray. — Same as 

 previous application for same fungi and insects with the addition of the 

 codlin moth (Carpocapsa pomonella), which is the most serious insect pest 

 attacking apple orchards. 



Time of treatment— Immediately after the bloom falls, whilst the 

 calyx lobes are turned back exposing the eye, as the parent codlin moth 

 deposits her eggs usually upon the young fruits soon after the bloom 

 falls. The larvae find their way into the eye of the fruit and commence 

 their depredations. One object of spraying at this period is to lodge poison 

 in the eye and destroy the larva? before entering the Apple. The fruit 

 develops rapidly at this period, and in a few days, the poison penetrating 

 to the eye, becomes less certain, and consequently spraying will be less 

 efficacious against codlin moth. 



If this spray is washed off by a sudden storm before the Bordeaux has 

 * l set," the spraying should be repeated. 



Black rot (Splueropsis malorum), bitter rot (Glceosporium fructigenwn), 

 or brown spot on the leaf should be sprayed for at their first appearance. 



Showery weather interspersed with hot sunshine favours the spread of 

 fruit rots. 



Washes for Dormant Season. 



Alkali wash. — 6 lb. potash to 50 gallons of water, 3d., on a Beaume 

 acid spindle (acid spindle for testing gravity costs 2s.). 



Sulphate of copper solution. 2 lb. in 50 gallons. Stronger solutions 

 are unnecessary and wasteful. Dissolve 40 lb. in a 50-gallon cask and 

 use 2^ gallons of the solution to each 50 gallons of wash (an ordinary 

 wooden pail holds 2^ gallons). 



Make stock solution a day or two in advance. 



Soap tuashes for dormant plants may be used very strong without 

 injury. For scale insects 1 lb. soap to one gallon. 



Bordeaux icashes. — The great fungicidal wash, only the most minute 

 quantity of copper possible is necessary to produce the required effect. 

 \\ lb. lime decomposes the copper sulphate and neutralises the sulphuric 

 acid of 1 lb. copper sulphate. 



Formula. — Copper sulphate . 4 lb. 



• Unslacked lime . . 5 lb. 

 Water . . . .50 gallons. 



In one tub slack 50 lb. lime, strain at once into a 50-gallon barrel and 

 fill with water. Keep barrel covered to prevent evaporation and to prevent 

 trash getting into it : this will keep good indefinitely. 



When Bordeaux mixture is wanted use five gallons of each to make 

 50 gallons of wash. Stir stock solutions before mixing. Run water into 



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