610 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



breaks up into as many pieces, each containing a seed, and is indehiscent. 

 Such a legume is called a " lomentum." It occurs in Hedysarum 

 coronarium, cultivated in Malta as the ' Maltese Clover.' 



The influence of pollination as well as the want of it is sometimes 

 well seen both in pods and Strawberry fruits. In the former a constric- 

 tion may often be noticed at one or more places where a pea is wanting. 

 This is due to the fact that the ovules at those places happened not to 

 get fertilised, so the pod also failed to enlarge. In the Strawberry, a 

 little depression may sometimes be seen, where the achenes are crowded 

 together, and the receptacle may be less or not at all coloured red. This 

 is likewise due to the fact that by some mischance those individual 

 carpels failed to get pollinated and their ovules to be fertilised. The 

 receptacle in consequence failed to swell at that point. Again, Vegetable 

 Marrows sometimes are suddenly constricted towards the stalk end. 

 This is because only those ovules nearest the stigmas were fertilised. 



In some cases the single carpel forming the fruit takes on a fleshy 

 character, forming a sort of berry, as in the Baneberry and Barberry ; 

 but a commoner alteration is for the carpel to form a strong lining in 

 addition to the soft flesh. Such a fruit is called a " drupe," and is seen 

 in the Cherry and other members of the genus Prunus. 



In the drupe the three layers have been distinguished as follows : 

 The outer skin is called the "epicarp," the flesh is the " mesocarp," and 

 the stone is the " endocarp," the three constituting the "pericarp," 

 previously called the " ovary." 



The fruit of the Kaspberry and Blackberry is a cluster of tiny drupes, 

 called " drupels." 



Compound Fruits. — In by far the greater number of fruits the 

 ovary, instead of being that of a single carpel as in the preceding cases, is 

 composed of two or more coherent into one body, forming the so-called 

 " compound " fruits. 



They can be united in two ways. In one, the carpellary leaves are 

 " open," i.e. not coherent by their edges as in a pea- pod, but resembling 

 a bursting follicle. Each carpel is now joined to its neighbour, edge to 

 edge. The result is a one-celled chamber, with rows of ovules down the 

 wall of the ovary. This occurs in Violet and Mignonette fruits. 



In others, and more generally, the carpels are closed from the first, 

 like two or more pea-pods placed with their placenta-bearing edges in 

 contact and then compressed, so that their sides cohere. We thus get a 

 two, three, or more celled ovary, carrying the ovules down the angles in 

 the middle, as may be seen in St. John's Wort, Lilies, Daffodil, &c. 



Sometimes the partition-walls, or " dissepiments " as they are called, 

 cease to grow with the fruit, so that a central column is formed out of 

 the placentas. This occurs in the Pink family. 



In the Primrose, in which there is a somewhat similar column called 

 a " free central placenta," it would seem that it is formed of five " open " 

 carpellary leaves, united by their edges ; but only the basal parts of the 

 marginal placentas, which swell up into a coherent column, bear ovules. 



In some fruits this central support is not formed, so the ovule or 

 ovules appear to arise from the bottom of the ovary, and are called 



