612 JOURNAL OK THE ROYAL HORTKTI/1TTKAL SOCIETY. 



Dock and Buckwheat (of three carpels). Of fleshy fruits are the fa- 

 miliar Grape, Potato, Tomato, Holly (the stones belong to the seeds), 

 Mistleto, Ac, in which the combined carpels form a fleshy covering to the 

 seeds by the internal layer between the inner and outer epidermis becoming 

 thick and juicy. 



In the Orange it is different. The juicy tissue is formed of innumer- 

 able hairs which grow from the inner epidermis of the numerous carpels. 

 Those hairs have swollen ends full of juice, and, being of different lengths, 

 they fit in tightly together, thereby making a sort of false tissue. 



The drupe IS also imitated in compound fruits, as in an Olive, which 

 is composed of two carpels ; the outer part is oily, the inner forming the 

 stone. 



[nferiob Fruits. These are the result of flowers with inferior 

 ovaries ; that is, they are invested by a receptacular tube. The dry forms 

 are seen in Daffodils, the " inferior capsule" of which bursts through the 

 hacks of the three carpels. In Orchids, three valves split off, leaving a 

 framework of three placentas, as described in Crucifers. 



Several dehisce by " pores," as Campanulas, just as Poppies and 

 Snapdragons do, which are not 44 inferior " but " superior" capsules. 



Of indehisoent dry, inferior fruits, the CJmbellifers have two-carpelled 

 aohene-like compound fruits. When ripe, each carpel is detached from 

 a Y shaped support, formed from the combined placentas of the two 

 oarpels. The whole is called a " cremocarp," i.e. "suspended fruit." 

 while the halves or separated carpels are M mericarps," i.e. "divided 

 fruits." 



The Acorn, Beech-mast, Spanish Chestnut are all inferior fruits and 

 indehiscent, being composed of two or more oarpels. As a rule all the 

 Ovules are arrested except one, as in the Cocoanut. 



As with superior fruits, so are there many fleshy inferior ones. The 

 word " berry " is restricted by botanists to the latter, though popularly 

 used for any fleshy fruit without a stone. Hence a Gooseberry and 

 Whortleberry with the remains of the calyx on the summit are true 

 berries. 



In the Bryony and other members of the Cucitrbitacece, this usually 

 distinguishing mark of a true berry is wanting, as the calyx articulates at 

 the base and falls off. 



In Apples and Pears, which carry the remains of the calyx, and some- 

 times the stamens at the top, the fruit is mainly composed of the 

 receptacular tube. This not only encloses the carpels, as the hip of the 

 Hose, but is adherent to them. This is done by the inner skin of the 

 tube and the outer skins of the carpels being suppressed, so that the two 

 intermediate tissues, i.e. of the tube and of the carpel, coalesce, the core 

 representing the inner lining of the carpels, and is the only part readily 

 detected. Such a fruit is called a M pome." 



In the Cueurbitaeew, the fruit of the Melon, Cucumber, and (Jourd is 

 known as a " pepo " and is somewhat peculiar. If a thin slice of 

 Cucumber be held to the light, it will be seen that the placentas look like 

 three anchor-shaped processes radiating from the middle, having the 

 seeds suspended and facing the centre. 



