ABNORMAL -FLOWERS" OF HELENIUM AUTUMN ALE, L. 945 



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regular and normal (fig. 209). Of the 

 former, those which, as far as external 

 appearances went, deviated least from the 

 ordinary condition, did so owing to the fact 

 that the pappus of the disc- and ray-florets 

 was often present in the form of 5-8 green, 

 linear leaves (fig. 210, d, e, f, j, m), while 

 the ovary was somewhat enlarged and elon- 

 gated. Here we have an index to the true 

 calyx-nature of the pappus. 



Within these ovaries in almost every 

 instance was concealed a very young shoot 

 which in most cases was more or less 

 distorted owing, probably, to its efforts to 

 grow out beyond the confines of its prison- 

 house (fig. 211, b, c) ; in one instance, 

 however, the young shoot did not extend to 

 the top of the ovary ; the rudimentary foliar 

 organs could be seen at the apex of these 

 shoots (fig. 211, b, c). The latter must 

 probably be regarded as an extension in 

 growth of the normally abortive axis of the 

 floret. As these abnormal changes would 

 be almost certainly contemporaneous with 

 a very early stage in the development of 

 the flower, we may conclude that the com- 

 mencement of proliferation of the axis of 

 the floret would occur at a time when the 

 basal ovule was either entirely undeveloped 

 or in an extremely rudimentary condition. 

 If the former, the shoot would completely 

 replace it as a basal production in the 

 ovary ; if the latter, the ovule- rudiment 

 would be easily displaced, if not obliterated, 

 by the more vigorous vegetative organ, the 

 vegetative metamorphosis of the ovule itself 

 being prevented from the same cause. Pro- 

 fessor fielakovsky, of Prague, whose recent 

 death we deplore, has, in my opinion, shown 

 beyond reasonable dispute, from his study 

 of the vegetative metamorphoses of the 

 ovules in various Cruciferae, Beseda, Aqui- 

 legia, &c. (in which he found every trans- 

 itional form between the normal and the 

 extreme virescent condition), that the ovule 

 is the homologue of a leaflet or segment of 

 a carpel. Now, as all ovules must possess 

 the same morphological value, the above 

 must also apply to the ovule of Helcnium. 

 It would be, therefore, absurd to suppose it 



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