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JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



perfect, and there is actually less left on the leaves. When the 

 nozzle is held as far from the plant as the stream will carry, the 

 full effect of the nozzle is obtained in the breaking up of the 

 stream into mist, and so can produce most perfectly this dew-like 

 condition. For scale insects the object is somewhat different. 

 The plan for these is to thoroughly wet the surface of the bark 

 and the edges of the scale, to ensure the penetration of the wash 

 beneath the scale, and thus to kill the old scale or the eggs and 

 young hidden beneath. This thorough wetting is secured by 

 holding the nozzle close to the plant and applying a great deal 

 of the wash with a high pressure. Washes are sometimes applied 

 hot ; and when the nozzle is held close to the plant the spray 

 will penetrate better, and for this reason do better work. Heat is 

 to be recommended as a remedy only when it can be absolutely 

 controlled. 



Grain Smut. — The method of treating seed wheat and oats 

 for smut is as follows : — For wheat, soak fifteen minutes in water 

 at 132° F. ; for oats, ten minutes. The grain should be first 

 placed in water at, say, 115° to partly warm it up. See that the 

 grain is all wetted, and do not treat too much at a time, or it 

 will be impossible to keep the water at the proper temperature. 

 Have boiling and hot water at hand so as to add, to keep the 

 temperature just right. It must not go above 135° or it may 

 injure the seed, nor below 130° or it will not be effective. After 

 treating, dip in cold water to cool and spread out to dry. 



Bordeaux Mixture. — This is the most used and the most 

 satisfactory of the known washes for prevention of fungoid 

 attacks. When sprayed upon the plant it prevents the develop- 

 ment of the spores of any fungi upon the surface covered ; and it 

 is thus a perfect preventive of all the fungi which gain an 

 entrance to the plant in this way. To be effective it must be 

 kept continuously on the plant that is to be protected. A single 

 spraying will last from two weeks to a month, or even longer if 

 the conditions are favourable. With our dry summers one 

 application will often be found enough for some kinds of fungi. 

 Late spring rains may make additional sprayings necessary ; and 

 some fungi may, in some localities, require the repeated sprayings 

 necessary in a more humid climate. Local experience will have 

 to determine these points. Bordeaux mixture is made of equal 

 parts of bluestone (copper sulphate) and lime. Some formulas 



