10 JOURNAL OF THE EOYAL HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY. 
Spraying for fungi, black spot, or scab on apples {Fusicladmm 
omculatum) may be done before the blossom or foliage opens in order to 
kill the spores. For this copper sulphate alone (3 lbs. to 40 gallons of 
water) can be used without lime, as there is no foliage to burn. The 
:first spraying jointly for fungi and insects, caterpillars of the Codlin 
moth {Carpocapsa pomonella), Tent or Lackey moth {Glisocampa Ameri- 
cana), Canker or Winter moth {Anisopttrix pometaria), is done when the 
fruit buds begin to unfold, but before the flowers expand ; the second time 
just as the last blossoms fall ; and if caterpillars are numerous or black 
spot shows on young fruit or leaf, the spraying should be repeated, say 
once every two or three weeks. 
The mixture in common use is the Bordeaux mixture as the fungicide, 
Paris green as the insecticide. 
To save time for the former, stock solutions of sulphate of copper and 
lime are made separately ; the Paris green is added direct. 
The formula commonly adopted is : — 
For Apple. For Plum and Peach. 
Copper sulphate . . 4 lbs. 3 lbs. 
Quickhme ... 4 lbs. 3 lbs. 
Water .... 40 gallons. 40 gallons. 
Paris careen ... 4 ozs. 3 ozs. 
Copper sulphate is soluble in cold water, but more readily so in hot. 
The solution is made by hanging the crystals, contained in a sack or 
hasket, in a barrel of water near the surface, so that it is partly or just 
covered by the water. Vessels of wood or earthenware should be used for 
dissolving the sulphate ; dissolve 1 lb. of copper sulphate per gallon of 
water for a stock solution. Thus take 40 lbs. for a 40-gallon barrel. 
Take, say, one bushel of lime, which is the better for being freshly burnt ; 
place it in another barrel, and pour about 10 gallons of water on it to slake 
it ; afterwards add enough to make it into a creamy mixture like putty, 
pour on a little more water to exclude the air and prevent change in 
character ; then cover the mouth of the barrel to prevent evaporation. 
For making up a 40-gallon barrelful of the spraying mixture, fill 
the barrel, say, one-third full of water, then add 4 gallons of the 
copper sulphate solution. Then take some of the lime putty, mix it with 
water and add it to the solution, straining it through a funnel-shaped box 
with a fine copper wire mesh strainer at bottom. In order not to add an 
unnecessary amount of lime, thereby risking the clogging of the machinery, 
it is advisable to test the mixture so as to ascertain whether the sulphuric 
acid has been neutralised by the lime. For this purpose a solution of 
ferrocyanide of potassium (1 oz. in 1 pint of water) is used. After stirring, 
take a small quantity of the mixture from the barrel in a white saucer or 
a glass, and add a few drops of the ferrocyanide solution. If a brown 
colour appears, the mixture needs more lime ; if there is sufficient lime 
no discoloration takes place. Next weigh or measure out about ^ lb. of 
Paris green, put it into a cup and make it into a paste with water ; 
add this to the mixture in the barrel. 
In Nova Scotia, Paris green is sold at most of the hardware stores in 
