114 JOUENAL OF THE KOYAL HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY. 
perianth, genercally the calyx. Such are the three leafy wings in 
Triplaris surinaincnsis, Cham., one of the Polygonaceas, the allied but 
dissimilar wings in the Docks {Eumex), and the similar but not allied 
wings in the DipterocarpaceiB. Froelichia, one of the Amaranthaceffi, 
has a two-winged perianth ; and Thrift {Armeria maritima, Willd.) has 
a parachute-like membranous outgrowth of the accrescent calyx-limb. 
Lastly, there is an even greater variety of wings formed from the 
pericarp itself, though here we ought undoubtedly, in anatomical 
strictness, to distinguish between "inferior " ovaries, such as the three- 
winged fruits of Bego7iia, where the wing is perhaps rather of perianth 
origin, and such "superior" ovaries as the "samaras" of the Maples^ 
Elms, and Ashes. On the one hand there are also the Combretace^e, such 
as Terminalia and Quisqualis, and the well-known Ailantus glanclulosa^ 
Desf. ; on the other, such Leguminoss as Pterocarpus and Centrolohiumy 
and one of the two sub-orders of Malpighiace^e, including the Maple-like 
fruits of Bariistcria, Triopteris, Tetrapteris, and others. 
Though performing an absolutely identical function to that of the 
wings of fruits, those of seeds are obviously of entirely different origin. 
It is interesting to notice here what appear like the first stages of such 
an adaptation, where, for instance, in the genus Finns we have every 
gradation between no wing at all and one of considerable size ; or where, 
as in Lilium, Fritillaria, Tulipa, AgapantJms, Funhia, and other 
members of the order Liliacese, or in BhinantJuts, Veronica, and other 
Scrophulariacese, we find seeds for the most part only slightly flattened ^ 
or with a comparatively narrow and thick wing. On the other. hand, a large 
proportion of the Bignoniacese, such a.s Bignonia, Tecoma, EccremocarpuSy 
Cataljjci, Millingtonia, or SpatJiodea, the genus Deutzia in Saxifragacefe,, 
and Zanonia macrocarpa, Blume, a cucurbitaceous plant in the Sunda 
Archipelago, exhibit this character in its highest perfection, having broad 
and delicate wings of feathery lightness. 
Under the name of " parachutes " we might include such mem- 
branous expansions of the border of the calyx as we have mentioned in 
the Thrift, and as occur in some Labiat^e and Scabiouses ; but we will 
speak now only cf hairy or feather-like appendages. Like wings, these 
must structurally be sharply divided into two main groups according as 
they are attached to the fruit or to the seed. The former of these groups 
again presents great variety of structural origin, the feathery process 
being developed from style, corolla, calyx, pedicel, or glume. In the Old 
Man's Beard of our hedgerows [Clematis Vitalba, L.), in some, but not 
all, species of the allied genus Anemone, notably in the beautiful Pasque- 
flower, A. Pulsatilla, and, by one of those interesting parallelisms 
between the orders Kosacese and Eanunculacesa, in Dryas, and some 
species of Geum, the style persists as a feathery awn. In the myrtaceous 
Verticordia oculata the fruit is crowned by five persistent petals, each 
consisting of a fan of ten palmately arranged but pinnately divided 
feathery lobes, a most beautiful, exceptional, and highly specialised 
adaptation. The labiate Micromeria has the five teeth of its calyx 
fringed with hairs : the long simple hairs of the Cotton-sedge {Frio- 
phorum), now known, I believe, in commerce as "arctic wool," repre- 
sent a perianth ; whilst all the varieties of "pappus " among the Com- 
