FRUIT IN 3I0NM0UTH,SJIIEE AND SOUTH AVALES. 275 
* Cox's Orange,' ' King of Pippins,' and many other varieties in the whole of 
this^district were very highly coloured. Most of the fruit is sold in the 
Pontypool and Abergavenny markets. In some of these orchards there 
is a marked improvement in the way in which they are kept, whilst 
others are still in a very backward condition. 
In the Raglan and Monmouth district I spent several days this 
autumn, travelling over a hundred miles in different directions. The 
first place I visited was Cwmcarvan (the meaning of the word cio7n is a 
"dingle"); the whole of this place is well sheltered from the easterly 
and westerly winds, the soil is of a stiff clay on the Red Sandstone. Many 
years ago there appear to have been extensive orchards in this place, and 
some attempts have been made to renovate them, but unfortunately the 
young trees that have been planted to fill up the vacancies have not had 
sufficient protection to prevent the cattle from rubbing against them and 
in many cases breaking them down ; yet, notwithstanding this rough 
treatment, there were splendid crops of well-coloured fruit. The ' Blen- 
heims ' were the best I have seen this season, whilst on the old ' Cissy ' 
Fig. 116.— Apple Cissy. (Journal of Horticulture.) 
trees the fruit was perfectly crimson in colour. I saw here for the first 
time an apple called ' The Ten Commandments ' ; there were several trees 
of it. Hitherto! had only read of it in Dr. Hogg's Fruit Manual." L^rge 
quantities of cider fruit are also grown here, many of the trees breaking 
dow^n with the weight of fruit. One of the varieties which appeared to 
be a great favourite through the whole of the Monmouth district was 
called the * Potheer,' and I was told that it was raised at a mill of that 
name some short distance from Monmouth. It is considered to be an 
improvement on what is known there as the ' Belle Norman.' The trees 
