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E. WALTER MAUNDER, F.R.A.S., ON 



partly due to the law-abiding instinct of its citizens, even during 

 the heat of their fiercest mutual dissensions, and partly to the 

 broadmindedness in their external relations which led them to 

 associate their enemies with themselves in partnership. So 

 Borne expanded into Latium, and Latium into Italy, and the 

 new factors became organically united with Eome. It was the 

 wise toleration that Eome showed for other races, other nations, 

 other customs and ideals, which rendered the Eoman Empire 

 possible, and secured it so long a continuance. This toleration 

 which the Germans of to-day would consider treason to the 

 doctrine of " Germany over all the World" and a slur upon its 

 military supremacy, Eome, though no other state ever had 

 better right to glory in military pre-eminence, yet found to be 

 the more effective means for the diffusion of the Eoman 

 authority, and the cementing of the Eoman Empire. 



The example of Eome teaches us that, even where military 

 force attains its highest development, the strongest sanction 

 of Empire is to be found, not in material forces, but in 

 immaterial. 



We have seen how in early times two types of civilization 

 sprang up — the great agricultural states of the river valleys, 

 the little commercial states of the seaboard cities — and that 

 the one type favoured the development of the principle of 

 sovereignty, and the other of the principle of liberty. We have 

 seen that neither principle succeeded in accomplishing world- 

 empire, yet that there is a tendency in the direction of world- 

 empire is indubitable. The little city-state has gone ; the 

 nation-state has arrived, but has already passed in many cases 

 into the empire-state. None of these great empire-states is 

 as yet assured of permanence ; certainly none appears qualified 

 for universal rule. 



The city-state was opposed to the principle of the nation- 

 state, but the higher principle prevailed, and the city-state had 

 to give way. The nation-state in turn is opposed to the 

 principle of the empire-state, but the higher principle again is 

 prevailing, and the lower appears to be yielding to it. Is there 

 a principle so potent that it shall override that of the empire- 

 state and establish the world-empire ? 



The Sovereignty of God. 



Let history answer. Thirteen hundred years ago a great 

 movement arose which made one of the most formidable bids 

 for world-empire that has yet been seen. 



