ENTOMOI'HTIIOREAE OF THE UNITED STATES. 



L61 



allowed me to examine materia] of h\ Qrylli received from Professor DeBary, and there 

 can be no (|iH'siioii concerning the identity of the American and European forms. 1 'he 

 occurrence of the species in Newfoundland, where I found it on the larva of Orgyianova 

 on the Salmonier river, should also be noted; since this is, 1 think, the most northern lo- 

 cality in America from which Empusae have been recorded. 



Morphologically, the species is chiefly of interest from the pseudo-conjugation already 

 described on p. L49. I have not had an opportunity of studying the process by cultiva- 

 tions of hyphal bodies; and the figures which represent it (figs. 31-39) are drawn from 

 specimens which occurred simultaneously in a single grasshopper. The process is not 

 uncommon, occurring - chiefly in the femora; but in all cases the usual azygospores are by 

 far the most abundant form of resting spores. The production of a double spore by the 

 incomplete union of the two halves of a hyphal body is not infrequent, resulting- in forms 

 similar to that represented by fig. 47, in which the union was nearly complete. It sometimes 

 occurs also that there is no union between the two halves, and an azygospore is formed on 

 either side of the median partition. The most common mode by which azygospores are 

 formed is that represented in fig. 4-5, where the spore is the result of direct budding from 

 the usually irregular hyphal bodies. I have never seen in the caterpillar or in the grass- 

 hopper form a process of this kind which is wholly comparable with that figured under 

 E. conglomerata (figs. 60-01), for in this case the hyphal bodies are very regular, 

 nearly round, and bear the spores on a short neck. This process is, moreover, invaria- 

 able in the Tipula form as far as I have seen and shows none of the variations which 

 occur in Grylli. The same process is figured by Nowakowski, 1 but it is not stated in 

 the explanation of the plates whether these figures are drawn from material on grass- 

 hoppers or gnats. The budding, from an arachnoid hyphal body, of spores, which in the 

 explanation of his plates 2 Nowakowski calls "zygospores" I have observed in only two 

 cases; but as there seems no indication in this of a sexual process, and Nowakowski in 

 his synoptical table of the species 3 places JE. Grylli under "Azygospora," I infer that 

 the use of "zygospory" in this connection is a printer's error. A very common form, 

 which I have seen frequently in cultivations of hyphal bodies in water, is that repre- 

 sented in fig. 40, where the spore results from a terminal enlargement of the hypha of 

 germination. A formation from septate hyphae, as in fig. 45, I have seen only once or 

 t wice ; but the septation as well as the anastomosis and short projections associated with 

 it has, I think, no significance. The occurrence of resting spores is about equally com- 

 mon in caterpillars and in grasshoppers, and the association with them of conidia devel- 

 oped from the same specimen, frequently occurs. The conidia as a rule show little 

 important variation in size or shape, the caterpillar form showing sometimes a tendency 

 to taper more gradually to a slightly broader base than in the grasshopper form ; but, on 

 the other hand, I have never seen this tendency so marked in caterpillars as I found it in 

 the spores obtained from the Ceidhoplulus above mentioned (figs. 25-26). 



The earliest occurrence of this species that I have noticed was at Cullowhee, !N". C, 

 where I found a single specimen early in July. On the grassy summits of Roan Mt., 

 N. C, it was epidemic in August and also in mowing fields at Cranberry, IN". C. An 

 epidemic observed in September at Kittery has already been mentioned ; and the latest 



1 1. c. B, fig. 94. 2 I. c. B, p. 182. 3 1, c. B, p. 176. 



