338 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



true of Bismarck Apple. The chief use I make of upright 

 Cordons on the Paradise and Quince is to form half- standards, 

 a form that has been named ' Amateur's Trees,' and which 

 have been well described in the Gardeners' Chronicle by 

 Mr. Waltham. 



The advantage of this form is that the fruit is kept 

 well above the ground instead of lodging upon it, as often 

 happens with bush trees. It is interesting to see how the 

 scions of some varieties of Apple infuse vigour into the Paradise 

 stock, and compel it to support a standard tree. 



The Blenheim Orange, Newton Wonder, Smart's Prince Arthur, 

 Beauty of Kent, Peasgood's Nonesuch, Warner's King, and 

 several other Apples have this effect, whilst Pitmaston Duchess 

 and some other Pears similarly affect the Quince stock. 



Fruit should be cultivated and suitably manured as a crop. 

 Proper quarters should be set apart for the trees, and tall 

 growing vegetables should not be planted between them. 

 Apples and Pears on the free stock are better avoided, except 

 when they are wanted for ornament or shelter, instead of 

 forest trees. If standards are desired they may be raised 

 from Cordons on the Paradise stocks, as before described. 



If fruit trees grow too vigorously and bear no fruit, lift 

 them and re-plant ; or if too big, cut a trench a few feet from 

 the stem and prune the roots. This should be done in the 

 autumn, half the circle one year and half the next ; but old 

 trees whose roots have travelled to a distance will not bear this 

 treatment. 



It is curious to note how obstinately certain errors with 

 respect to fruit are held by the public. For instance, it is 

 generally believed that the Bibston Pippin is dying out as an 

 old and exhausted variety. Now, in the first place, it is not an 

 old variety, for the original tree died only in 1835 ; and, in the 

 second, it is not exhausted, for at the present time there are 

 more Bibston Pippin trees in a healthy condition than at any 

 previous period in my recollection. They may be had in 

 thousands on the Paradise stock, perfectly free from canker ; but 

 if people will plant them on the crab stock in unsuitable soil 

 they must take the consequences. There are as many Bibston 

 Pippins as ever there were, but there are many more mouths to 

 eat them. 



