30 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 



on the trunk. At the soil surface or just below it are, in early winter, 

 the chrysalides of the Winter Moth, Mottled Umber, March Moth, and 

 other Geometers ; deeper down, the large chrysalides of the Eyed 

 Hawk Moth ; in rubbish near by will be the moth of the Leaf Miner 

 and perhaps Codling larvae, which have found a safe, dry shelter for 

 the winter. 



These are all caterpillars, but the next figure (fig. 26) shows other 

 pests ; the Apple-sucker winters as eggs on the twigs, as do the 

 Apple Aphides ; the Brown Scale is in the second stage on the smaller 

 branches ; further down, and on the trunk, is the Mussel Scale ; on 

 the soft shoots are the Woolly Aphides, which in the south are active 

 often right through the winter ; the Blossom W eevil is hiding in 

 the bark or in shelter at the roots ; the Leaf and Bud Weevils are 

 in the grub stage at the roots of weeds near by, some 6 inches deep in 

 the soil. 



The Pear. — The Pear tree has fewer insect pests, but still many 

 common to the Apple and a few peculiar to itself (fig. 27) . 



At the buds, under the bud scales, the Leaf-blister Mite waits for 

 the spring ; among the twigs, in late winter, are the eggs of Winter 

 Moth and Mottled Umber ; the Lackey lays its egg-rings, and the 

 Vapourer may have laid eggs. Dead twigs and branches harbour the 

 Bark Beetle ; on the trunk and larger branches the Mussel Scale, 

 and in the cracks and crevices the Pear-sucker lives over its dormant 

 time ; Codling Moth larvae live under loose flakes of bark ; the Blossom 

 Weevil hides in sheltered spots ; on the stem shoots are the Grey Pear 

 Aphis, especially in autumn ; the pupae of the Leaf-blister Moth 

 hide under the bark or at the soil at the crown ; in the soil are the 

 pupae of Winter Moth and Mottled Umber, the larvae of the Slug Worm 

 and the Social Pear Saw-fly ; the* two distinctive midges, Pear-fruit 

 Midge and Leaf-curling Midge, are safe in the soil perhaps 4 inches 

 down. Pear Thrips too has gone there for shelter, and spends the 

 winter in a resting state. Weevil larvae live on the roots both of the 

 tree and of weeds or herbaceous plants they like. In any fence or 

 shelter near by, in any refuse or rubbish, are Codling larvae, the 

 Blossom Weevil, and the pupae of the Blister Moth. 



The Plum. — The Plum has many pests, which also have to spend 

 the winter in shelter (fig. 28). 



On the twigs are Aphis eggs ; and the eggs of Winter Moth, 

 Vapourer, the Mottled Umber, and the Early Moth in late winter. 

 Gall Mites lurk under the bud scales ; the Brown Scale in its second 

 stage lives upon the twigs ; Tortrix eggs or larvae are on the twigs. 



In dead branches or twigs are the Bark-boring Beetles ; on the 

 larger branches are the Oyster-shell Scale and perhaps the Mussel 

 Scale. Shot-borer Beetles bore in the branches, and the Flat-celled 

 Borer makes its tunnels from this beetle's galleries ; the Wood-Leopard 

 and the Gnat Moth are deep in the wood. 



In the moss and cracked bark lurk the Fruit Moth larva in its 

 cocoon and the Leaf-hoppers. 



