ON KEEPING ORCHARDS CLEAN. 



31 



On and in the soil are the pupae of the Winter Moth, March Moth, 

 Mottled Umber, &c. ; the Leaf-eating and the Fruit-eating Saw-fly 

 larvae are in the soil ; Weevil larvae feed on the roots both of the 

 trees and of other plants ; in the wall near by are Leaf-hoppers, and 

 the larvae of the Magpie Moth and the Fruit Moth. 



The Cherry. — The Cherry suffers less and has few pests ; yet in 

 winter it gives harbourage to pests of its own or of neighbouring 

 trees (fig. 29). The Lackey eggs are on the twigs, as are those of the 

 Winter Moth and Mottled Umber : the Case-bearer larvae are on the 

 twigs ; in dead branches are the Bark-beetle ; under bark and among 

 cracked bark are the Bark-borer larvae ; the Gold-tail larva hides 

 also in cracks of the bark ; on suckers are the eggs of the Black- 

 fly ; in the soil are sawfly (cherry slugworm) larvae and Leaf Weevil 

 larvae ; the Winter Moth and Mottled Umber spend the early winter 

 in the soil, and under any leaf-mould or manure are the Cockchafer 

 and Garden Chafer larvae which in summer, as beetles, feed upon the 

 foliage. 



Bush Crops— Though orchards do not include ' plantations/ which 

 differ technically in having bush and other crops between, I include 

 them here as so much orchard cultivation is done on the ' plantation ' 

 system and it is more satisfactory from our point of view. 



So I include the Currant, which has its own pests ; if it be a Black 

 Currant, then the Gall Mite in the buds is noticeable in winter ; the 

 Aphis eggs are on the twigs ; the young of the Brown Scale are stretched 

 out upon the buds, and the females of the Woolly Scale are on the 

 twigs ; in the shoots are the Clear-wing larvae in their cocoons, 

 and the Shot-borer larvae, and stretched out on them are the Magpie 

 larvae, which are also on the^ ground and in any near-by wall or shelter. 



On the roots is the currant form of the Woolly Aphis, common 

 also to Elm and Apple. 



The Gooseberry suffers from fewer pests; the Clear-wing Cater- 

 pillars are in the shoots, the Magpie larvae are stretched out on the 

 twigs or on the soil, or in any shelter near by ; in crevices and cracks 

 of the twigs and bark are the young of the Red Spider ; in the soil 

 are the larvae of the three Saw-flies, as also in shelter in nail holes, in 

 any rubbish, under stoves, &c. ; in the ground also are the pupae of 

 the Dot Moth. 



Lastly the Raspberry, often grown between Apple and Plum, with 

 few pests, but giving shelter to many from neighbouring trees. 



The Raspberry Moth Caterpillars are in cocoons on the canes 

 or in the soil ; the Byturus Beetle grubs are in the soil or at the soil 

 level among the canes : in the cut canes are the boring Saw-fly 

 larvae ; the Black Weevils shelter in rubbish, at the soil surface ; other 

 Weevils are in the soil as larvae feeding on the roots. 



Chafer larvae are in the soil and perhaps pupae of the Dot Moth 

 and Buff Arches, which feed in summer on the foliage. 



I have attempted above to show you the various insects which 



