JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



attack our fruit trees, in one form only, the dormant one, in which 

 they spend the winter. Each of these has its active form in 

 summer, in which it feeds on the plant. I have taken this dor- 

 mant form because many of them are in that form amenable to 

 attack ; they can often be checked or reduced, or totally destroyed 

 by some simple measure which comes within our title ; and I propose 

 now to summarize the practice which experience and a knowledge 

 of these pests show will go far towards keeping them down. 



In this summary I deal not only with precautions to be taken in 

 the winter but also in summer, and I have tried to reduce these to 

 a simple code of principles, justifying each by reference to the pests 

 which will be affected. 



1. Clean up rubbish. 



2. Have no grass. 



3. Have open fences, and clean ditches. 



4. Remove dead wood. 



5. Cut out soft shoots. 



6. Tar pruned surfaces. 



7. Winter wash. 



8. Control wild food-plants. 



9. Maintain a summer spraying sequence. 



10. Grease band. 



11. Codling Moth band. 



12. Collect windfalls. 



1. Clean up Rubbish— Many of the insects mentioned creep away 

 and seek a shelter, either in summer, if they have finished feeding, 

 or in winter to lie dormant. Many creep into rubbish, such as old 

 pea-sticks, fallen leaves, leaf-mould heaps, brick rubbish and stones. 

 (Fig. 34.) Not only do those insects sheltering over the hibernating 

 period or over the chrysalis stage find shelter, but many a night- 

 feeding insect that wants a secure shelter during the day. 



From the Apple come the Apple-blossom Weevils seeking a winter 

 shelter, the Leaf-miner Moths for a dry, safe place, the Lappet and 

 the Vapourer caterpillars seeking to spin cocoons in May and June, 

 the Gold-tail larva in winter, and the Queen Wasp in autumn, for she 

 must find a secure winter shelter. 



From Pear trees near by will come the Saw-fly larvae, seeking to 

 get into the soil in a secure spot where they will be undisturbed and 

 glad of the protection of rubbish, brickbats, and the like above. 



From the Plum and Gooseberry come the Magpie larvse in autumn, 

 to shelter among rubbish until the spring ; the Early Moth turns 

 to the chrysalis on the soil among sticks and rubbish ; the Plum- 

 fruit Caterpillar leaves the fruit in autumn and spins a delicate web 

 between twigs or under a brick ; the Leaf-hoppers bore to find shelter, 

 and the Saw-fly larvae burrow down into the soil. So, too, the Goose- 

 berry Saw-fly grubs, and the larvae of the Raspberry Moth spend the 

 winter in concealment in some such situation. 



