34 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



and even the loose pointing of a wall shelters some ; the " shreds " 

 used to tie branches to a garden wall shelter others. The Lappet 

 in summer seeks shelter in which to spin, the Gold-tail in winter ; the 

 Vapourer, the Apple-leaf Miner, the Blossom Weevil, the Magpie 

 larvae, Saw-fly larvae of all sorts, the Leaf-hoppers and the Weevils, 

 are some of the commoner insects which benefit from fences, palings, 

 and the like. 



4. Clean up Dead Wood &c. ; burn Prunings. — It is encouraging 

 insects to leave dead or dying branches on fruit-trees ; there comes 

 the Bark Beetle (Scolytus nigulosus) seeking just such a breeding- 

 place, and presently the attack extends to sound branches, which 

 then die. 



All dead trees and branches should be removed ; trees often die 

 from the attacks of Wood-Leopard or Goat-Moth larvae : if as 

 soon as they are dead they are removed, the larvae or pupae inside 

 will be destroyed and a source of danger removed. There is a Saw-fly 

 which hibernates in the cut raspberry canes if these are not cut short 

 down, and when canes are cut they should be burnt, not left to shelter 

 or to breed more pests. So, too, should prunings of all kinds, which 

 have eggs on them and larvae sheltering in the cracks and under bud- 

 scales. These are, if not removed or burnt, a source of danger which 

 a little care easily removes. 



5. Cut off Soft Shoots. — Two pests thrive on soft shoots ; the 

 Woolly Aphis on Apple is much helped in autumn and early winter, 

 when there is no other soft tissue ; and the Grey Pear Aphis benefits 

 by similar shoots on the Pear. If we can conveniently, it is wise 

 to remove these shoots before the autumn is far advanced (fig. 30). 



6. Tar Pruned Branch Ends. — When a branch is cut it heals slowly 

 and the wood tends to crack ; this offers inducements to shelter to 

 undesirable pests if they are small enough to benefit, as for instance 

 the Apple-leaf Miner Moth and similar pests. Tar applied at the time 

 of pruning and renewed the following year is a valuable precaution, 

 far more so of course from the mycologist's point of view, but still 

 called for in view of the insects (figs. 31 to 33, and 35). 



7. Winter Wash. — In the old English orchard the mossy trees 

 and grey lichens are a feature of beauty, and where beauty is sought 

 the entomologist should not be allowed in; but where fruit is de- 

 sired the moss and lichen on the trunks and branches are a serious 

 handicap, and their removal by means of a winter wash is desirable. 

 A winter wash is a liquid too destructive to growing foliage to be 

 applied in summer ; it is put on in winter, and has three functions : 



(a) It removes moss &c. which render inconspicuous in summer 

 insects which would be visible on the bark and so be eaten by birds. 



(b) It removes moss &c. which shelter many insects. 



(c) It kills tender larvae wintering in the bark. 



For the first, moths such as the Goat Moth, the Grey Trident, the 

 Wood-Leopard, the Codling Moth, the Bud Moth, and the Cherry-tree 

 Borer are far less conspicuous among lichen than on clean bark, and 



