ON KEEPING ORCHARDS CLEAN. 



37 



Brown Scale, Mussel Scale, Woolly Aphis, young caterpillars such as 

 Bud Moth, Ermine, Lappet, &c. 

 For Pear : 



1. Lead chromate as soon as the foliage is formed. 



2. Contact poison if required for Thrips, Aphis, or Blister Mite. 

 For Plum : 



1. Lead chromate as soon as foliage is formed. 



2. Contact poison for Leaf-curling Aphis directly it is seen. If 

 strong enough this kills Leaf-hoppers and the young Oyster-shell Scale. 



For Cherry : 



1. Lead chromate, as soon as foliage is formed. 



2. Contact poison in autumn if Black Fly is seen. This also checks 

 Leaf-hoppers. 



For Currant : 



1. Sulphur and contact poison for Gall Mite in May. 



2. Lead chromate when foliage is formed. 



3. Contact poison in June, July, or August, if Aphides, White 

 Scale, or Brown Scale are found. 



For Gooseberry : 



1. Lead chromate as soon as the foliage is out. 



2. Sulphur and contact poison if Red Spider appears in April or May. 

 The above seem to me to be the sprayings one would think of 



applying. Lead chromate, properly made up, is a wash that remains 

 on the foliage the whole year, that makes it distasteful to all biting 

 insects (Caterpillars, Saw-flies, Weevils), and that keeps the foliage 

 immune from all this class of attack. It has, I believe, special value 

 in England as a protective wash, and I know of no other that resists 

 rain so well. 



It is not enough simply to put on lead chromate and water ; this 

 will not " wet " the leaves ; one requires to add soap or some wetting 

 ingredient. 



If Codling Moth is a serious pest, one must spray separately for 

 it between the time the blossom falls and the calyx closes ; and it is 

 a mistake to spray Apples and leave Pears, as the latter then suffer 

 heavily. In this spraying lead arseniate is generally used, but lead 

 chromate is probably more effective. 



By " contact " wash spraying, I mean one of the many washes for 

 Aphides &c. which do not poison their food but kill by coming in 

 contact with the body of the insect. The many oil, quassia, soap, and 

 similar preparations are so used, and they can be easily made up or 

 purchased ready to mix. 



One should ascertain the effect. In one case which came under my 

 notice last year, a grower was using a wash costing him 10s. 6d- 

 the 100 gallons to make up, which was found to be killing 38 per cent, 

 of his Apple-suckers, while there are washes costing 2s. 6d. the 100 

 gallons which will kill 100 per cent, every time. Special contact 

 poisons are required for Woolly Aphis and for Red Spider. 



It is impossible to say more at this time about spraying and 



