376 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



very handsome in shape ; they have no chequering, but a rich glaucous bloom 

 covers the flower. With this may be placed Elwesii and acmopetala, which are 

 good perennials with showy evert seed -pods. 



F. Thunbergi, an interesting little Japanese species, seldom seen, spreads 

 easily, and represents a distinct section having slender leaves with curled hook- 

 like tips, and little masses of grey foliage. F. discolor, an abnormal form, also 

 named Korolkowia discolor, is handsome but not showy, on account of the large 

 leaf -like grey bracts which subtend the flowers. These are star-shaped, held 

 almost horizontally on short stems ; they are greenish yellow and crimson, with 

 crimson anthers, and appear in early March. 



F. macrophylla, a strange plant named by Wallich Lilium roseum and by 

 Lindley L. Thompsonianum, bears a long panicle of rosy-lilac flowers in April 

 and May. The author has not succeeded in keeping it long. 



F. camtschatcensis (Linnaeus' Lilium camschatcense), the Black Lily, is another 

 difficult plant. The blackish maroon flowers with yellow anthers are very striking. 



F. obliqua, however, which also has blackish bells, succeeds better. F. aurea, from 

 the alpine pastures of Cilicia, and F. armena, from Asia Minor, are delightful 

 little plants and cheap. 



F. pyrenaica, from the Pyrenees, is easily kept. It grows about a foot high, 

 and carries solitary fleshy bells, purple maroon outside, glossy green within. 



F. Moggridgei, which makes sheets of yellow in the upland slopes of the 

 Maritime Alps, and its relative the plum-purple Burnetii, though stated to be very 

 easily managed, now exist in few gardens. 



F. laiifolta, from the Caucasus, is not a difficult plant. The flowers vary 

 from purple to lilac, and resemble F. Meleagris, but are darker and more fleshy. 



F. recurva and American species. — These do not come under the heading 

 hardy perennials ; they have been divided into two sections : (i ) low-growing 

 plants with leaves clustered about the base and several widely bell-shaped flowers, 

 and (2) taller plants with leafy stems, leaves in whorls, and flowers bell-shaped 

 in long racemes. Of the first group liliacea, biflora, and pluriHora are in culti- 

 vation, while the scarlet recurva and coccinea and the rich yellow pudica best 

 represent the second. 



Early planting is desirable, and, with the Asia Minor varieties, there should 

 be a good percentage of lime in the soil. During growth ample water supplies 

 are recommended. — H. R. D. 



Fruit Fly, Mediterranean, Citrous Fruits and. By E. A. Back and C. E. Pem- 



berton {Jour. Agr. Res. hi. pp. 311-330, Jan. 1915; figs, and plates). — The Medi- 

 terranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was thought to readily attack citrous fruits, 

 but the authors show that they are not favoured hosts of these pests. Grape- 

 fruit, oranges, lemons, and limes become badly infested if left on the trees until 

 overripe, but are rarely attacked before. The oil from the cells broken in making 

 the cavity for the reception of the egg kills many eggs, and it is only eggs 

 laid in old cavities that hatch out. The fly is very quickly affected by low 

 temperatures, 50 0 to 55 0 F. imposing a severe check. The recommendation is 

 made to remove non-citrous fruits from the neighbourhood of citrous trees in 

 order to destroy the between-season breeding-places. — F. J. C. 



Fruit Fly, Mediterranean Life-history and Parasite Introduction. By E. A. Back 



and C. E. Pemberton (Jour. Agr. Res. hi. Jan. 1915, pp. 363-374; plates). — 

 Methods of preserving the flies in order to secure the dissemination of their 

 parasites are fully discussed. — F. J. C. 



Fruit Trees, Effects of various Dressings on Pruning Wounds on. By G. H. 



Howe (U.S.A. Agr. Exp. Stn., New York, Bull. 396, Feb. 1915, pp. 82-94).— 

 It has long been the custom of fruit-growers to use paints, tars, waxes, and 

 other substances as coverings for wounds in trees. The objects of such treat- 

 ment were to enable the trees to heal the wounds quickly and to prevent 

 the entrance of fungi and insect pests into the wounds. Experiments were 

 devised to determine (1) if such treatment was necessary, and (2) to find if any 

 substance used was superior to others for this purpose. The trees used in 

 the work were apples and peaches, while the materials for covering the wounds 

 were white lead, white zinc, yellow ochre, coal tar, shellac, and avenarius car- 

 bruineum. Dressings of these substances were apphed at different periods of 

 the year and upon wounds of different ages. The conclusions arriVed at were 

 as follows : — 



1 . In all cases, undressed pruning wounds have healed more rapidly than these 

 whose surfaces have been protected. 



2. Shellac seemed to exert a stimulating influence upon the wounds during 



