THE HISTORY OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES. 455 



ribs and an irregular one having ribs or flattened sides, thus depart- 

 ing from a regular circle. The sections " sweet " and " sour " would 

 often be difficult to separate in practice, but they correspond to a 

 real distinction, the cooking and dessert fruit of these days. In the 

 final subsections Warder adopted Lucas with a difference : placing 

 whole-coloured fruits in No. 1, and russet fruits in No. 3. This is 

 not an improvement, as russeting is a very variable character, whereas 

 the original divisions of Lucas are constant and reliable. Warder's 

 suggestion has never been expanded by later pomologists, and it 

 remains but a step in history. 



The next attempts were those of Dr. Robert Hogg, and they have 

 the distinction of being the only ones made by a British authority. 

 The first was published in the "Apple and Pear " in 1851. This 

 resembles Warder's in the importance given to form, but has a 

 striking new departure in the divisions Summer, Autumn, and Winter. 



Hogg's System of 1851. 



Class I. Summer Apples, those ripening on the tree. 



Order 1. Order 2. 



Round, roundish or oblate. Oblong, conical, oval or ovate. 



A. Pale. A. Pale. 



B. Striped. B. Striped. 

 C Red. C. Red. 



Class II. Autumn Apples. 



Including such as are in use from the time of gathering till Christmas. 

 Orders and divisions as Class I. with D. Russet added. 



Class III, 



Including such as are in use during the whole winter and spring. Orders 

 and divisions as Class II. 



This arrangement is quite useful in a rough way, but of course 

 takes no account of the very important characters of the flesh and is 

 therefore of a limited utility. 



The next proposal made by Hogg was an elaborate artificial 

 system based on the relative positions of the stamens, shape of the 

 tube, cells, &c. This was first published at length in the fifth edition 

 of the " Fruit Manual " in 1885. 



Stamens. 



An Outline of Ho< 

 Tube. 



/ Conical 



's Artificial System 

 Cells, 

 / Round 



Marginal 



Funnel- 

 shaped 



Ovate 

 Obovate 

 ( Elliptical 



f Round 



Ovate 



Obovate 

 ^Elliptical 



Cells. 



f Axile 

 I Abaxile. 

 f Axile. 

 \ Abaxile. 

 I Axile. 

 [ Abaxile. 

 f Axile. 

 \ Abaxile, 



f Axile. 

 \ Abaxile. 

 I Axile. 

 1 Abaxile, 

 I Axile. 

 1 Abaxile. 



Axile. 



Abaxile, 



Stamens Median and Basal are grouped in the same manner, 



