518 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



already established. In some of the more newly settled districts, as yet practi- 

 cally treeless, planting of the rapid-growing hardwoods is still going on, and will 

 probably continue for some time. 



Scots pine will grow in all sections of the eastern United States, and is well 

 adapted for sandy soils too poor for agriculture or even for the growth of white 

 pine. The tree seems to do equally well on the sandy Norway pine lands of 

 Michigan, and on old worn-out lands of New England. For the first fifteen or 

 twenty years Scots pine makes very rapid height -growth, often from twenty 

 to thirty inches a year. 



In spite of its hardiness and freedom from disease, it is to be regretted that 

 the Scots pine already planted consists largely of a variety from central Ger- 

 many, the trees of which, when about twenty years old, become crooked, irregular, 

 ragged, and of very poor timber form, yielding only one or two logs a tree. In 

 Europe, on the other hand, trees grown from seed collected in the Scots pine 

 forests of the Baltic provinces of Russia, ordinarily called the Riga variety, 

 have straight, cylindrical, well-developed trunks, and yield wood of a higher 

 quality than the Scots pine of central Germany. Unless, therefore, the Riga 

 variety can be secured, the planting of Scots pine is not recommended. 



A. D. W. 



Fruit, Brown Rot of. By D. M. Cayley (Gard. Chron. Oct. 30, 1915, p. 269 ; 

 2 figs.). — Due to Sclerotinia fructigena, better known in the conidial stage as 

 Monilia fructigena. Emphasizes the importance of burning rotten or mummified 

 apples and pears attacked by this fungus, and burning them. Spurs are attacked 

 by the mycelium passing down the fruit stalk. A Bordeaux spray in early 

 spring is recommended. — E. A. B. 



Fruit Trees, Enemies of. By A.-E. de Mezieres {Rev. Hort. d'Alg. No. 10, 

 Oct. 1913, p. 357, and No. 11, Nov. 1913, p. 405 ; figs.). — Two illustrated and 

 descriptive articles on the various diseases and insect pests to which fruit 

 trees are liable. After describing the various pests the articles give formulas of 

 remedies and preventives, classified as — first, direct destruction — i.e. collection 

 by trap or handpicking of the insect itself ; second, destruction by treatment 

 with chemicals, applied either liquid or as a gas ; and lastly, on the destruction 

 of buried larvae. — M. L. H. 



Fruit Trees, Forms of. By H.E. Durham (Gard. Chron. Nov. 13, Dec. 11, 14, 

 and 18, 1915 ; pp. 305, 346, 366, 367, and 377 ; 5 figs.). — Deals with the training 

 of young trees under the heads : 1. Means of Modelling. 2. General Principles. 

 3. The Dwarf Standard, Pyramid, and Distaff. 4. Forms trained in the flat for 

 Spalier and Counterspalier. — E. A. B. 



Fruit-tree Stocks. By U. P. Hedrick (U.S.A. St. Com. Hort., Cat. Nov. 

 1914, vol. iii. No. 11 ; 8 figs.). — The author's opinion is that the stock greatly 

 influences the scion in more ways than in modifying the form and stature of the 

 plant, and assuring its adaptability to varying conditions of soil and climate. 

 He concludes his paper with these words : " The stock modifies the stature of 

 plants ; suits them to the soil and climate ; influences fruitfulness ; changes the 

 time of maturity, size, colour, and flavour of fruit ; and affects the length of life 

 of the trees. The stock, too, is influenced by the scion. The method of growing 

 the stock, whether from cuttings or seeds, is important. The effects of the stock 

 on the scion, appreciable though they are, do not change the identity of a variety, 

 and are not heritable. Fruit-growers and nurserymen must give the question of 

 stocks much more careful thought ; we shall thus secure more fruitful orchards." 



This bulletin also contains an article on almond cultivation, by G. W. Pierce, 

 and a paper on Fall treatment for apple aphis, by O. E. Bremner, who recommends 

 spraying with crude oil emulsion or whale-oil soap solution between November^ 

 and 25, thus destroying the sexual female before eggs are laid. — V. G. J. 



Fruits, Tropical, on the Riviera. By Dr. A. Robertson Proschowsky (Rev. 

 Hort. d'Alg. ,No. i.Jan. 191 4, p. 6). — Some experiments have been undertaken with 

 the view of determining the comparative adaptability of certain tropical fruits 

 to the climate of the Riviera. They were carried on in a garden in which the 

 conditions were less favourable than could be found in many parts of the region, 

 and even with this disadvantage gave distinctly encouraging results. — M. L. H. 



Gentiana barbata forma grandiflora (Bot. Mag. tab. 8609). — Liberia. Family 

 Gentianeae. Tribe Swertieae. Herb, annual, erect or ascending. Leaves linear- 

 lanceolate, i\ in. long, \ in. wide. Corolla 2 £-3 in. long ; lobes, 4, 3 in. across 

 from petal tips, blue,— G t H, 



