Jan., 1909. Annual Report of the Director. 233 



Expeditions and Field Work. — Mention was made in the report of 

 last year of the work being done by Mr. Cole in the Philippine Islands 

 in connection with the Robert F. Cummings' Philippine Expedition. 

 Mr. Cole returned to the Museum in December after two years 

 of research. The greater portion of his time was spent among the 

 Tinguians, a pagan mountain tribe of Northwestern Luzon, number- 

 ing about twenty thousand persons. They possess domestic animals, 

 have extensive rice fields, and live in compact villages. Until recently 

 the custom of head-hunting made loose federations among groups 

 of villages necessary, and thus a number of dialect groups have 

 sprung up, but the general culture is quite uniform. A peculiar 

 but highly developed form of spiritualism, combined with an elaborate 

 ceremonial life is found throughout the territory. Along the northern 

 border of this section the people are excellent iron workers, turning 

 out the greater portion of the spears and headaxes found in Northern 

 Luzon. The most famous forge — that of Balbalasang — was 

 secured and is now in the Museum. Mr. Cole visited nearly every 

 village of this tribe in the provinces of Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, and 

 Abra, and also made extensive trips through the subprovinces of 

 Kalinga and Apoyoa. The people along the Apayao river are one 

 of the wildest and least known of the Islands. They have made 

 numerous raids on the villages of the lowlands and have, until recently, 

 refused all intercourse with the Spaniards and Americans. The 

 collection from this section is the only one ever secured from this 

 people. In each locality Mr. Cole spent sufficient time to make a 

 study of the social and religious life of the people; their mythology, 

 folklore, and language. There was also secured about seven hundred 

 photographs showing the people in portraits and at their industries, 

 their ceremonies and places associated with their religion; dwelling 

 and other buildings and the country in which they are located. The 

 views are supplemented by field maps covering the entire region 

 visited. About five hundred physical measurements were secured, 

 a series of life masks, and phonograph records of the various songs 

 and instruments. Before leaving the Islands Mr. Cole spent a month 

 among the Bataks, an almost unknown pigmy tribe found on the 

 island of Palawan. These people live in groups of two or three 

 families; they build only the rudest shelters, which are abandoned at 

 pleasure. Little is attempted in agriculture as they live on roots 

 and herbs and animals secured in the chase. Their weapons are the 

 bow and arrow and the blow gun. A poison dart is shot from the 



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