7. — White fowl against white cloth. Photograph ........ 26 



8. — White-tailed Ptarmigan in winter plumage, on snow. Photograph ..... 26 



9. — White-tailed Ptarmigan in winter plumage, off snow. Photograph 26 



10. — White-tailed Ptarmigan in winter plumage, on snow, but strongly shadowed. Photograph 26 



Photographs of the flat skins of birds and mammals 28 



Bird-models illustrating the first principles of pattern-use. Photographs ... 30 



11. - 



12. - 



13- 

 14.- 



16. 

 17. 



18. — Pattern perspective. Diagram ............ 32 



19. — Pattern perspective. Diagram .,..../.. 32 



20. — 1 



^Nesting American Woodcock. Photographs 32 



22. — Nesting American Woodcock. Photograph .......... 33 



23. — Dead Woodcock, with the counter-shading painted out. Photograph .... 33 



24. — Dead Woodcock on its side, back-view and front-view. Photographs .... 33 

 25— Nesting Wilson's Snipe. Photograph 34 



26. — Jack Snipe feeding. Photograph 34 



27. — Nesting Whip-poor-will. Photograph 35 



28. — Nesting Whip-poor-will. Photograph . - - - - 35 



29— Nesting Nighthawk. Photograph . - - • 3 6 



30 — Nesting Nighthawk. Photograph . 36 



31. — Ruffed Grouse walking. Photograph 37 



32— Nesting Ruffed Grouse. Photograph . 37 



33— Nesting Ruffed Grouse. Photograph 40 



34.— Dead Ruffed Grouse on its side, back -view. Photograph . • 40 



35 —Dead Ruffed Grouse on its side, front-view. Photograph 40 



36. — Bit of Great Horned Owl's wing, and bit of pine forest. Photographs . . - 41 



37. — Stuffed Long-eared Owl in pine-woods. Photograph 42 



38— Stuffed Long-eared Owl among evergreen twigs. Photograph 42 



39— White-tailed Ptarmigan in transitional plumage. Photograph 44 



40.— White-tailed Ptarmigan in summer plumage, nesting. Photograph ..... 44 



41 — White-tailed Ptarmigan in summer plumage, nesting. Photograph ..... 44 



42 — White-tailed Ptarmigan in summer plumage, with chick, among rocks. Photograph . 44 



xvi 



