Professor Buhler, on the Sanskrit Lingual*. 126 



We now come to c sli ("££),' the fourth letter which helps 

 to swell the numbers of the Unguals. ' Sh,' firstly, whether 

 radical or a substitute* for ch, 9, 9 c, x, or j, becomes t, if it 

 is the final of a word or if it immediately precedes the ' s' 

 of the termination of the locative plural or hard consonants 

 except ' t,' ' th' and s. Before soft consonants it is changed 

 to d, and if the following consonant is ' d,' or ' dh,' which 

 are the initials of a grammatical termination, these letters 

 likewise become lingual. 



Ex. 1.) Dvish nom. sing, dvit, loc. plur. dvitsu : upayaj 

 1. plur. upayatsu oprach 1. plur. °pratsu. 



2. prach -f vivaka=pradvivaka, dvish + dhi=dviddhi 2. 

 pers. sing. imp. Par. vevic, -f dhi=vevish -f dhi= veviddhi : 

 paprach + dhi = paprash -f- dhi = papraddhi : cax -f- dhvam= 

 cash+dhvam=caddhvam 2 pers. plur. imp. At. 



Sometimes one of the two soft Unguals produced accord- 

 ing to the above rule is rejected and then a preceding ' a* 

 becomes 'o/f other vowels may be lengthened. Thus 

 shash -f da$a makes shodaca instead of shadda^a, shash -f dan- 

 ta shodanta t instead of shaddanta, and shash + dha either 

 shaddha or sriodha. Similarly ' nidha,' as the corresponding 

 Gothic ' nist' and English ' nest' prove, stands for nishda, 

 nidda. It is most probably derived from the root sad ' to 

 sit' with prefix ' ni, 1 down,' and the old nisada meant lite- 

 rally " a place for sitting downf a )" Also the root pid ' to 

 torment, to squeeze' seems to have undergone a similar 

 change, as it appears to be contracted from pi + sad ' to sit 

 upon.'§ The prefix 'pi' is the mutilated form api and 



* It is commonly said, that "x, 9c, c, ch and 3 are treated as if they 

 were sh." But in reality these letters were first changed to ' sh' and then 

 to ' t' and 'd,' Panini VIII, 2, 36 adopts also the latter view. For the 

 full details on the subject see Benfey Vollst. Skt. Gr. § 66. 



f Compare sodha=sah+ta and ashadha=ashah+ta. 



% See Vaj. Sanh. prat. Ill, 46. 



{a) But compare the Slav, gnezdo, the first syllable of which the late 

 Dr. Siegfried thought might be=ycVos Ganas. — Ed. 

 \ Compare Greek 7T(-€£w=7ri-t3-yoj. 



