130 Professor BuHLER on the Sanskrit Lingua/s. 



lectsfa). In Dutch and in the Saxon dialects of Northern 

 Germany ch frequently replaces f, e. g. Dutch stichtei— 

 H. G. stifber, Low G. and Dutch achter=E. after, Low 

 G. lucht=H. G. luft. In Latin an original clh is replaced by 

 f, e. g. in for-es=0vpa Gothic dam\ In the same language 

 and in Spanish h becomes f. Thus we have hcedus and 

 fcedus, hostis and fostis, hordeum and fordeum, where the 

 corresponding Teutonic words goat, geisz, gasts, guest, and 

 gerste, show that the forms with h (for gh) are the more 

 ancient. The same change of h to f occurs in the Vedic 

 jarbhurana for *jarhurana, pres. part. Atm. of the freq. of 

 the root hri.'(a) In Sanskrit e h' becomes also dh in the 

 word anadvah ' an ox,' which makes in the loc. plur. 

 anadutsu, in the instr. dual, anadudbhyam, instr. pi. anadud- 

 bhih, in the dat. abl. plur. anadudbhyah. The latter part 

 of the word anadvah, as before observed, is derived from 

 the root vah 'to carry/ where c h' stands for original gh. 

 (Compare Greek Fo^o?, Gothic vig). Taking then into 

 account the general changeability of ' h' and the predilection 

 of the Hindus for lingual sounds, as well as the peculiarly 

 hollow pronunciation of ' h' in the modern vernaculars, 

 which most probably prevailed also in ancient times, it is, 

 I think, not astonishing to see this letter become ' dh.' 



Besides the Unguals which have originated in the different 

 ways described, a small number are produced by assimila- 

 tion of dentals to lingual mutes or nasals. Thus the root 

 phan makes in the part. perf. pass, phanta instead of phan- 

 ta, and tandamaran stands for tan damar^n, ' those Damaras 

 (accus.) Finally there are a good many words in which 

 dentals have been changed to nasals apparently without any 



(a) E. g. fyrst for thirst Coleridge Gloss.2. A/my red ' a-hungered 

 (Legend of S. Brandan p. 20 and Piers Plouhman ed. Wright p p. 133, 

 J 76, 283, 403) and frefuund grey -hound, are examples oft for h— Ed. 



* The reduplication jar, shows that the base is hri and not bliri, as 

 sometimes ha^ been supposed, 



