220 The Study of Living Languages, [no. 4, new series, 
one in a hundred has read books, there is a large proportion of the 
words, which are never used in conyersation on ordinary matters, 
and which therefore are so far from being of any use to the great 
mass of those who have to acquire the language that they are 
always in his way, if he has learnt them, leading him to ex- 
press himself in words not in common use, and consequently 
unknown to most of those with whom* he has to communicate. 
So far therefore from it being sufficient to follow the ideas which 
a man has gathered while studying dead languages, they are in 
fact the very opposite to those which are correct as respects the 
study of such living languages as are here suppci^d. 
If we examine the mode of study adopted generally, however it 
may vary in minor points, the system, so far as that can be called 
a system, which is indeed no such thing, is that suited to the dead 
languages. A man takes up a book of stories, a grammar, and a 
dictionary, and learning, almost exclusively by the eye, he pro- 
ceeds exactly as if the use of his ear were of no consequence, as 
if he must at once grapple with the whole vocabulary of the lan- 
guage, and as if when he had got the materials of words and rules 
of grammar, he could himself guess the forms of expression which 
he must compound from them ; like the idiot who was found to 
have stored up in his box all the wheels, axles, ivc, he could lay 
his hand upon, thinking that when he had got enough he could 
easily make a clock of them. The results of this proceeding are 
notorious. A youth in India has passed a splendid examination, 
knows every word of the language and has a rule of grammar for 
everything, loses his way out riding and cannot get home before he 
is in danger of a stroke of the sun, because he cannot make any 
Native he meets understand him, nor can he understand a sentence 
spoken by them, and this after many months, often a year or two, 
of inte&se study from morning to night. And what is still worse, 
probably he is confirmed in a false pronunciation and a false mode 
of expressicn from having almost entirely neglected these two great 
essentials, or at least not having given them any thing like due at- 
tention. The consideration of this source of many of the most 
serious mistakes that are made in this study will be very useful. 
Another great source of mistakes, is that such languages are 
