50 



not unaware, that naphtha, petroleum, 5 * and 

 asphalt um are found equally in volcanic and 

 secondary regions *, and even more frequently 

 in the latter. Petroleum is found floating on 

 the sea thirty leagues North of Trinidad, around 

 the island of Grenada, which contains an ex- 

 tinguished crater and basalts. 



Hot springs of Irapa, at the North-eastern 

 extremity of New Andalusia, between Rio Caribe, 

 Soro, and Yaguarapayo. Air-volcano, or Salce, 

 of Cumacatar, to the South of San Jose and 

 Carupano, near the northern coast of the con- 

 tinent, between La Montana de Paria and the 

 town of Cariaco. Almost constant explosions 

 are felt in a clayey soil, which is affirmed to be 

 impregnated with sulphur. Thermal hydrosul- 

 phuretted waters gush out with such violence, 

 that the ground is agitated by very sensible 

 shocks. It is said, that flames have been fre- 

 quently seen issuing out since the great earth- 



* The inflammable emanations (of hydrogen gas containing 

 naphtha in a state of suspension) of Pietra Mala issue from 

 the Alpine limestone, which may be traced from Covigliano 

 to Raticofa, and which lies on ancient sandstone near Scarica 

 l'Asino. Under this ancient sandstone (red sandstone) we 

 find black transition limestone and the grauwacke (quartzose 

 psammite) of Florence. Respecting the asphaltum of the 

 secondary mountains of Thuringia, see Freiesleben, Kupfer- 

 schiefer, yoL iii, p. 27 ; iv, p. 338. (Hausmaun Nordteutsche 

 Beitr. St. i, p. 93.) 



