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linea divisoria reaches, according to different hypotheses, the 

 mouth of the Rio Francisco, or Rio Janeiro, or the meridian 

 of Saint Paul, which is still placed 1° to the east of Grand 

 Para. Pope Julian sanctioned the treaty of Tordesillas by 

 a bull issued January 24th, 1506 j but the daring voyage 

 of Magellan, and the discoveries (1500 — 1504) of the mouth 

 of the river Amazon, by Vicente Janez Pinson, of Cape San 

 Augustin, by Amerigo Vespucci, and the ports of Santa Cruz 

 and of the Bahia of Todos Santos, which had preceded that 

 voyage, engaged the courts of Madrid and Lisbon to as- 

 semble in 1524, the congress of pilots and cosmographers at 

 the bridge of Rio Cava, between Yelves and Badajoz. The 

 Spaniards accused the Portugueze of having altered the 

 distance from Gilolo to the coast of Brazil, and prove vic- 

 toriously that the Moluccas belonged to the Castillian do- 

 mains. The celebrated mathematician Faleiro, had taught 

 the pilots the lunar methods by which they might determine 

 the distance of a ship from the line of demarcation, consi- 

 dered as a first meridian. This line contributed no doubt 

 powerfully to the ardor with which at that period the proper 

 methods were sought, of finding the longitude by precise 

 means. The congress of cosmographers at Puente de Caya 

 went on slowly, and the disputes between the two nations 

 respecting the possessions of the archipelago of India, only 

 concluded by a treaty at Saragossa, the 22d of April, 1529. 

 (Don Juan y don Antonio de Ul/oa, Dissert, historica y geo- 

 graphica sobre el meridiano de demarcation. Madrid, 1749, 

 Salazar de los progressos de la hydrogrqfia en Espana, 1809, p. 

 115. Cespades, Hydrografia, cap. 4, p. 128, 143, 152). 

 Spain ceded the Moluccas for the sum of 350,000 ducats, re- 

 serving the right of again possessing itself of the property of 

 those islands whenever the amount of the purchase should 

 be returned. The union of the two crowns under Philip 2d, 

 calmed for some time national hatred, or rather compelled 

 it to appear to be appeased 5 but from the end of the 17th 



