April 9> l8 9& 



GARDENERS' MAGAZINE. 



22? 



TH 



Water Garden 



Waterlilies 



THE small water lilies include Nymphaea pygmaea, the smallest, perhaps, 

 n ( all waterlilies, bearing an abundance of pure white flowers, not much 



of all waterlilies, bearing a 



larger than a half-crown piece. Nymphaea pygmaea var. Helvoia is onl 

 trifle larger and has pale yellow flowers. Nymphaea odorata minor, „ 

 small form of the white American waterlily, has leaves not more than 

 three or four inches across, and small white flowers. Nymphaea 

 Laydekeri rosea is perhaps the gem of, at any rate, the inexpensive kinds, 

 The flowers, which are two or three inches across, are at first pale pink, 

 then crimson, and at last rosy purple ; several plants put together into a 

 group have a magnificent effect, undreamt of ten years ago. From this 

 form several hybrids, some of them of exquisite shape and colour, have 

 been raised. Nymphaea Laydekeri fulgens, cup-shaped flowers of a 

 brilliant crimson. Nymphaea L. lilacea, sweet-scented flowers of dark 

 rosy purple colour with yellow stamens. N. L. purpurata is distinguished 

 by large crimson flowers with orange stamens. Nyropha\i Laydekeri 

 lucida also has orange stamens and brilliant red flowers. Nymphrea 

 Robinsoni, another deep red form, shaded with yellow, and having 

 orange stamens. It seems to grow freer than the preceding ; the leaves 

 are spotted with brown. Nymphaea Seignoureli is straw-coloured, 

 shaded with rosy carmine, stands well out of the water, and has leaves 

 spotted with brown. 



The two last-named are among the latest introductions, and are, 

 therefore, among the most expensive. 



The large waterlilies are as follows : Nymphaea alba, the common 

 white waterlily ; Nuphar luteum, our common yellow waterlily ; and the 

 likewise yellow American Nuphar advena, are bold, handsome plants, 

 which may be used with good effect in large waters ; but since the intro- 

 duction of Marliac's exquisite hybrids they are quite surpassed. Some 

 of the most important of these hybrids are : Nymphaea Marliacea albida, 

 a plant of which is shown in the illustration of the rock garden, page 

 131, February 26, 1898. The dazzling white flowers are nine inches 

 cross, rise well out of the water, and are most abundantly produced. 

 Nymphaa M. carnea is equally large, but has flowers of a delicate flesh 

 olour and large handsome leaves; it grows rather rapidly. Nymphaea 

 Ai. cnromatella is another very robust grower, with pale yellow flowers 

 and handsome spotted leaves. Nymphaea M. rosea, also most excellent, 

 with very deep rose-colour flowers. Nymphaea M. ignea, still very rare, 

 has flowers of a deep red colour and orange-red stamens. Nymphaea M. 

 niora punctata is light rosy purple, spotted with dark red orange stamens. 



a ? l i-> e for r i . s 1 of . Nymph^a odorata, the sweet-scented white 



SSi t'i/E 2? % whl ^ 13 itSelf ver y d «irable. The following are 

 SSS^i^ - t5 : Nymphaea o. rosea has sweet-scented pink flowirs of 



rWco on'r^ff °- i° S v °u a 13 d,StinCt from the former > has bri ght 

 \Tm D h?/n . W - r v "I th ^h^^ntre, and is fairly robust in growth j 



weTtnfflA qU ' Slta ha ? not 0nl y red flowers > but d ark red leaves as 



also most dSSw/" 5 a < t ep /?? y Carn ?T ; N y m P ha * o. caroliniana is 

 S i - aS d^cate pink flowers with yellow stamens ; 



• hmmateila a J P n 13 e \ cellent y el,ow > deeper than N. M 

 eS& ■ 5 ° r0bU3t growth - At Messrs - Veitch 's nurseries in 

 "ge tank bvn f JU3 V e ? U T rated fl ° Urish in P ots > which are hung n a 

 intfoduaion I Z S f ° ^ mb °° C ^ S thr0wn across the wat «- The 

 era t « w a ?e ^nb^"* n ^ h ^ s has a new 



Other Aquatics for Submersion* 



account. Villarsia 



for 



be ke P p°Mn e c£eck S 'or^ln^ been , me ntioned as requiring to 



this be acres iA I I 7 c °" monopolise a whole pond, even if 



Peculiar 5£ We £ves ' an Wa l er Sold * r > has most 



HumboldtianV u r and 2 s stnk,n & °n that 



V. nymph^oides^are rttZ^^l ^ the y elIow " flow ering 

 Planting^ between ralW , ^-spreading dwarf plants, suitable 

 ferdy Snd er orcnU™ • ter plantS - Nelum bium speciosum is not 



a continental winter as I lvf Yj" 8 13 obtainabl e> it will stand even 

 ^ge orbicular^ leaved " born. h , ad °PP ortu ™y of observing. The 



a «ric°tive. StemS ' thC hand30me P ink 



*fjf are plants P for t shanoi ML l °f be P artl y submerged, in other words, but d^tTolM even as a shore of broken form, or a h^dTandf 



b y no means confined tn q K ' 11 f emb ? 1,lshment of which we are Mr. Milner concluded his first lecture with a lucid r&urae of his subject 



ypha lati folia) th* Q fa well ;™ own natly e plants as the Bulrush matter, claiming for landscape gardening that it was an art which created beautiful 



S<i£Htar*» i */i ; I . .^ w eetttag {Acorus CalamusY nr tho A ^^..x compositions upon the surface of the ground. He invited the young men before 



On Landscape Gardening. 



£ A i™Yk iS ? art .- hat ^ n ? nl ? be efficientI 7 taught by example. Much may 

 be learned by observation, but far more by execution? Professor Bayley BalE 

 the Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, strives to 

 combine both modes of instruction for the young practical students under his Ire 



2S Kn g ^ e Vrf hl V taff WC ? k b the S ardenS durin S the da ^ and «e provided 

 with lectures and literature m the evening, free of cost. The period of service is 



three years, during that time a regular course of instruction has to be gone 

 through. At the end of that period, unless the men are retained to fill higher 

 positions in the staff, situations are found for them elsewhere. The public thus 

 secures as gardeners foresters, or factors, men as competent as a good training 

 can make them This dual or rather multiple system of teaching has now been in 

 operation for about six years, and is so popular that the number of applicants far 

 exceed those of vacancies. As showing the character of the instruction given and 

 as suggestive hints to horticultural societies, it may be stated that the following 

 courses of lectures have been given this winter. Over twenty on Forestry, by 

 Colonel Bailey, lecturer on Forestry in the University of Edinburgh ; three on 

 Nursery Work, by the veteran cultivator, Mr. James Grieve of The Redbraes 



T-fT ™ A Ur f? ; t> - a u d \ Series , not finished on the botanical Character of 

 1 rees, by Mr. A. D. Richardson, a foreman of the outside department at the Royal 



Botanic Gardens. In prosecution of the same schemes of instruction, Mr. Henry 

 Milner, of London, has given a series of lectures on Landscape Gardening. 

 Three prizes, a first of £3, a second of £2, and a third of £i % are to be awarded 

 to the students who score the highest number of marks in the subsequent 

 examination. 4 



History of Landscape Gardening. 



Mr. Milner's first lecture was introductory, and largely historical. He showed 

 how, at the dawn of ancient civilisation, gardens were found in Egypt China 

 Babylon, Rome, Greece, &c. In tracing the size and progress of landscape 

 gardening in Britain, Mr. Milner showed the effect of the Italian Renaissance, the 

 Dutch and French styles, on the more sober English style. Coming to the Elizabethan 

 era, he mentioned Hatfield and Holland House as good existing samples of 

 gardens of the period. He also named Thurston, Capability Brown and others, 

 such as Repton, and London, whose works>e commended, Marnock, Price, Le 

 Natre, and others. Through the many thoughts of these and many more miAds, 

 .Natures beautiesin scenery, the art that serves to minister to the better feelings, 

 became more definite in its tendency, until the present development of the art of 

 landscape gardening, truthfully and distinctly styled English, has been reached. 

 As Mr. Milner truly shows in his recently published volume on the subject, up 

 to the commencement of the century landscape gardening was mostly the work of 

 architects ; and was characterised by formal art features, by intricacy of designs in 

 parts, and by treatment of the ground as a plane surface. Nature it is true is 

 ever at work, and as time passes it clothes even a neglected garden with beauty, 

 and makes an unsightly rubbish heap lovely with her gifts. 



Water, by low constant gentle action, or by sweeping force, has been a principal 

 agent^ in forming the natural surface of the earth. Nature seldom presents 

 a straight line in any of her forms. Lines running in a direction from the line of 

 vision make the space so marked longer ; whilst lines running 1 across it make the 

 distance appear less. Falling ground appears shorter, whilst level ground at the 

 base^ of a hill or rising ground seems longer than it really is. The idea of 

 spaciousness may be artificially promoted by the breaking of boundary lines, and 

 by providing various objects to attract the eye, just outside the direct line of 

 sight ; vision invariably travels down hollows or depressions, or through any 

 opening; thus, the idea of distance may be created by directing the vision to 

 distant objects that may be brought into the artists' plan. Trees serve to frame a 

 particular view. The contrast in foliage in trees and shrubs gives variety, and a 

 gradation of colours promotes the idea of distance. Trees should clothe the hill- 

 tops, and slopes in masses of irregular outline. A sky line of trees should not be 

 continuous, but broken. A valley appears deepest when not planted, just as 

 a hill appears higher than it really is by being planted at its summit. Grass 

 clothing the ground surface has an expression of stability ; and by its colour it 

 brings out the tint of foliage to which it forms a base and a background. The 

 beauty of water at rest is of universal acceptance. Created water scenery must 

 harmonise with the surrounding land ; for fitness to surrounding conditions is itself 

 a measure of beauty. A lake expresses spaciousness, but much on its charm is due 

 to its outline. A river expresses action. Trees on high banks on the margin 

 of (water diminish its extent when seen from the opposite side, and may make it 

 dull. An opening in the trees, or an opening in the bank gives a gleam of light, 

 and the length in that direction will appear greater. It is indispensable that 

 portions of the lake and its shores should be hidden from other points on its 

 margin. If the lake be large the end may be turned behind a wood or a hill, or 

 failing such natural objects, by interposition of planting. A vast sheet of water 

 may compel our wonderment, but the picture none the less is circumscribed ;if we 

 are able to take cognizance of its features all at once our imagination is confused. 

 In such circumstances the mind seizes with avidity and delight on distant 



*r-&**wria sazittafolids tu a° n ~~ Vm~" Calamus), or the Arrowleaf ^[wsmuos hwiu b,w»^ «- ~r . — 7^ — 



fallow water in 11 )m , ine Arum Lily does exceedingly well in such him to appreciate the greatness of the work before them, and to enter into the 



*«atber the Im vI ? T and west of En gknd ; even though in spv^rp s P irit of the art. It was the business of the landscape gardener to appreciate the 



and An™,*,... . mi # ht be destroyed, thev will „~ *L^u many means whereby Nature expressed her beauty, and to use these means 



an d flowers 



*4uauc, wnn spikes of skv-hln* 



--"yanthes trifoliata"f£. £2^Tu H T sp , lkes of sky-blue flowers. 



toiler P antS 1 wil1 ***** ; 



Site, Approach, Terrace, Kitchen Garden. 



will notice in a future issue. 



Central 



Bnt »sh Assoc 



W. 



wpwvrt T me f dnR held last y ear * Toronto Z 



^P°»t of union ? UDder the influe«~ - - ~" < • ^ 



■gricnSu ° 1 1 the J arious bodies 

 curious, cl ural 1. 



- Pre * , ' 4n opinion 5s 



^^wile^^L ^-P" 8 " 11 tne van °us agricultural societies asso- 

 opinion K to th e I" C °Tv ls ' & , C " ° f the Kin 8 dom are being nvued To 



^ DO,eot - A comrniuee hSZ^ ° { & institute bein S crefted by the 



»"ee has been appointed to receive the reports, and Zt as 



e. 



•^ itv J * ~r r * 



Mr. Milner treated the question of site, in his second lecture, under such sub- 

 neadings as sun lines, or aspect in relation to the points of the compass ; relation 

 to surrounding ^objects ; natural shelter; convenience of access and occupation ; 

 levels of the land and character of the subsoil. As to relation of the house to the 

 sun, throughout the southern and midland counties, S.E. is the best aspect, as 

 thus different rooms would enjoy a more equal distribution of sun than if the front 

 was due south, and the back due north* In more northern counties, more 

 directly southern aspects may be preferred. Having moderated the extremes of 

 heat and cold, 'sunshine and shadow indoors, Mr. Milner advocates bringing in all 

 possible beauty from surrounding scenery. Distant scenery often lends enchant- 

 ment to a home view. Views of hills and mountains, lakes and rivers, sea, spread* 

 ing moors, or mere expanse of field or meadow, if not overdone, are mostly 

 welcome. Shelter is of the utmost importance, and there is nothing so effectual as 

 a wooded hill, this shelter should be provided on the north-eastern, northern, and 

 north-western sides. Were Mr. Milner resident in Edinburgh he would probably 

 include west as also needing protection. Trees or shrubs form the best shelter, as 

 these break and disperse the waves of wind, while solid walls divert them into 

 cutting draughts, or tumble them over in bulk in cold masses. 



Considering that homes and gardens are made for daily or hourly use, 



