to*! *5 



1898- 



GJRDENERS' MAGAZINE. 



409 



Third Class.— (continued.) 



No. of Marks 

 gained. 



. t it Sarzeant, Horticultural College, Swanley 

 Mr * 4; a Qimps Technical Laboratories, Chelmsford 



• • • 



Albans 



■ t • 



17 



17- 

 20. 



20. 

 20. 

 20. 

 20. 

 26. 



• • • 



• • • 



S r ' t W Ison, Castle Street, Wallingford ... ... 



r r Hubband, The Gardens, Mountfield, Faversham 

 Jf • r Untner, 3, East Street, Ventnor, Isle of Wight 

 JJ r- j J " B p^t, Technical Laboratories, Chelmsford 

 v} f " w G. Taylor, Technical Laboratories, Chelmsford 

 \fr W, H. Wield, Burches Lodge, Kingston Hill ... 

 M S Wren Technical Laboratories, Chelmsford ... 

 Mr*' Tohn Atkins, Road Cottage, High Street, Caterham 

 , Mr' Samuel E. Brown, Oak Road, Caterham 



2!' Mr T- D ent » Howberry Park, Wallingford 



Mr F. Wichelo, St. Mary's Street, Wallingford 

 Mr' J. H. Brand, Essenden Cottages, Caterham ... 

 Mr! G. Hunter, Gosford Gardens, Longniddry, N.B. 

 Mr g! Braddy, Technical Laboratories, Chelmsford 

 Mr. H. G. Chick, Moray Villa. Elm Grove, Caterham 

 Mr. J. Fudge, Horticultural School, Holmes Chapel 



Mr. C. Rymes, 28, Cottage Grove, Surbiton 



Mr. A*. Wilkins, Martyr Worthy, near Winchester ... 



• • ■ 



• • • 



* • # 



• • • 



• • • 



» • • 



• ■ • 



■ * • 



♦ • • 



• • « 



• • ■ 



t • • 



• • • 



29. 

 30. 



34- 



34- 

 34- 



» • • 



• • • 



» • • 



* • • 



• « fl 



• • • 



• • • 



■ • • 



t • • 



* t • 



• • t 



• • • 



• t t 



• « • 



• • • 



• • • 



• • • 



• • • 



• • • 



f t 



• • • 



130 



125 



125 

 125 



120 



120 

 I20 

 I20 

 I20 

 120 



us 

 115 

 115 



no 



105 

 105 



105 

 105 



100 



100 



100 



Questions. 



Eight Questions only to be Answered : Four from Division A and 



Four from Division B. 



Division] A.— Elementary Principles 



why 



/ 



j Describe the methods of propagation of different weeds ; explain 

 CToundsel and chickweed and the large white- flowered convolvulus are particularly 

 troublesome. What are the best means of exterminating these plants ? 



2. Point out the importance to the plants of a good circulation of air in a 

 hothouse, and the consequences of a stagnant condition of the atmosphere within it. 



2. Describe the different functions of leaves, and the best way to secure their 

 due performance. * ' ; 



4. What are the component parts of a flower, and of what use are they 

 respectively to the plant ? . \ 



5. What external conditions are favourable for inducing variations to appear 

 in cultivated plants ; and how would you proceed in order to fix any variation ? 



6 What parts of the flower are retained and altered in forming the fruit of the 

 pctch, melon, mulberry, fir-cone, and pineapple ? 



To what natural orders do the following trees belong : — Tulip tree, maple, 

 pricot, ash, laburnam, guelder-rose, horse-chesnut, horn-beam, thuia, and ever- 

 recn oak ? Which are natives of this country ? 



8. Describe the structure of the bulb of the white lily, the corm of gladiolus, 

 cieeping-stem of couch-grass, the rhizome of the flag, and the tuber of the 



potato ; and explain their uses to the plants. 



Division B.— Practice. 



9. Describe landscape gardening as an art. 



10. Describe the formation of a garden lawn, and the details of the work 

 necetttry to keep it in condition during the year. 



11. What are the preliminary operations necessary to the laying-out of a garden 

 for fruit and vegetable culture ? Describe the arrangement of the fruit trees, and 

 the method of planting them. 



12. A garden having four walls facing north, south, east, and west, what 

 tirieties of fruit trees should be planted on each? Describe their first year's 

 pruning and training 



ij. Give full details of the propagation and culture of grape vines and fi' trees 

 m pots. 



14. Describe the culture of seakale, asparagus, and French beans ; and the 

 best method of forcing them. 



IS« What are the best manures for kitchen and fruit gardens ? How ought 

 wey to be applied, and when ? 



16. Describe the propagation and culture of roses and carnations intended to 

 It cultivated under glass. 



M T , he u Adu,tera t io n of Dairy Produce is discussed at some length by 



ih r edger Wallace » w h° b as brought together a mass of statistics relative to 

 m quality ot the articles which come under the above head. The author's DaDer 



1 1 



Work for the Week. 



COOL ORCHIDS. 



It will not be an easy matter to keep the atmosphere too moist in the cool 

 department at this time of the year, as the large amount of ventilation that is 

 necessary soon drys it up ; therefore the hose-pipe should be used freely damping 

 every available space three or four times daily. There is very little to be done in 

 the cool department during the summer months in the way of repotting, as the 

 majority of the plants will have had new material afforded them by now. All the 

 available spare time will now be taken up in cleaning and rearranging the plants 5 

 thrips, aphides, and other pests, which are the frequent cause of so much mischief, 

 are apt to increase rapidly at this season, and it is absolutely necessary to keep 

 them under at all costs, for their ravages prove doubly injurious now when the 

 leaves are so young and tender. If these pests are destroyed before they have 

 time to cripple the young growths, untidy-looking plants with spotted foliage are 

 avoided. Especially is this the case with masdevaliias, as the young leaves when 

 once attacked by thrips soon becomes disfigured. The timely and mild use of 

 Richards' XL. All Vaporiser will help to keep the pests in check, and save the 

 orchid grower much trouble. There is one thing worthy of mention here, and 

 that is the position in a house a plant may occupy. Should a plant not take 

 kindly to one position do not hesitate to remove it, say, to the most airy position, 

 near the ventilators, or to the most moist corner of the house ; and once the right 

 position is found it will grow away freely, and give much less trouble. The houses 

 should be kept as cool as possible by day, but the night temperature should not be 

 allowed to fall below 55 degrees. 



Odontoglossum Rossi, O. aspersum, O. Humeanum, and O. Cervantesi are now 

 commencing to grow, after having their short rest. As soon as the plants begin 

 to emit new roots new material should be afforded to any that require it. These 

 odontoglossums do best when grown in shallow pans or baskets suspended about 

 a foot or eighteen inches from the roof glass, at the coolest end of the house ; 

 equal parts of peat and moss will suffice as a compost over good drainage. Care 

 should be taken in the watering of these plants, never allowing them to become 

 sodden at the root, but rather allow the compost to become moderately dry before 

 giving water. Where a number of plants of O. Cervantesi and O. Rossi are 

 grown they may be had in flower from January to June, but to do this some of 

 the plants must be given a longer rest than others, thus causing them to start into 

 growth later in the season. La:lia harpophylla is now beginning to grow, and any 

 plants that require repotting or top-dressing should receive attention. A light 

 position should be given them at the warmest end of the odontoglossum house r 

 water being sparingly afforded them after root disturbance, but a lull supply will 

 be needed when root action becomes brisk. Loelia monophylla is a quaint little 

 orchid, and quite distinct from all other luelias, the pretty orange-scarlet flowers 

 being very bright and effective. The plants should be grown in very small pans 

 or baskets, using a compost of equal parts fibrous peat and moss. The odonto- 

 glossum house is the best place in which to grow it, and here it should be sus- 

 pended in the lightest position at command. This species delights in a liberal 

 supply of water while making its growth, but much less will be needed during the 

 winter months. Masdevaliias of the Harryana and caudata sections have now 

 passed out of flower, but a plentiful supply of water must still be given, as leaf 

 development and root action are still in a vigorous condition. Masdevaliias should 

 be kept as cool and moist as possible during the summer months.— E. Skill, 



New Hall Hey Gardens. 



5T0VE PLANTS. 



Palms are now growing freely and must be encouraged by feeding ; see that 

 they are not unduly crowded, and also, if they are growing in a house where the 

 light reaches them from one side ; turn the plants occasionally, else they will lean to 

 the side from which the light comes. Urge palms which have occupied the same pots 

 for several years will have their roots mated thickly in the bottom of the pot ; such as 

 these should have the ordinary surface material supplemented by standing their 

 pots half their depth in a tub of water once a week ; if there is no objection to the 

 *mell of liquid manure a little should be used. Syringe the plants well twice a day 

 and if creepers are grown overhead it will be necessary to sponge the fronds occa- 

 sionally, for if palms are to thrive it is imperative that the fronds should be kept 

 thoroughly clean. When used for furnishing rooms they should be changed 

 weekly, be careful not to overwater while in the rooms, and when taken back to 

 the palm house thoroughly cleanse the fronds from all dust. If necessary to retain 

 them in the rooms for long periods t hey should be sponged at least once a week, 



.7 M f ° re ,. the R °y al Scottish Society" of ArtsTn E*lib^^ tdBgenfly fed u P^ th ^/7 h C f n d ^ ly Xw ETXT^ 



•formidable indictment against the conduct of dairying both at home and abroad. Keep the shoots sufficiently thin to allow ng y 



idable indictment against the conduct of dairying both at home and abroad. 

 Jiebutur we import is apparently frequently adulterated. The reputed pure 

 ormandy and Brittany butters, we are told, for example, have been found to 



tain as much as from 30 to 40 per cent, of margarine ; and not only is this 

 material employed to swell the volume of first-class butter exported to this 

 »y irom these districts, but butter of inferior quality is imported from Central 



Another plan consists in importing Belgian 



1*1 A * — _ J I 1 1* • • S*> 



*&ce, Italy, and even Australia, to be blended and forwarded to us as the best 



•nay and Brittany butter. m __ r o Q 



er, which enjoys a by no means high reputation, and then shipping it from 

 «* to England as Normandy butter, whilst Australian butter is also worked 

 ' sen in London under the Isigny mark, a noted brand of Normandy butter. 

 « space of a little over two years it appears that of the samples of butter 

 at port of entry into this country and analysed lo}i per cent, of the Dutch 

 P£s were adulterated, 2 per cent, of the Danish, 19 per cent, of the German, 

 per cent, of the Norwegian, and 7 per cent, of the Russian. Unfortunately 

 aauiteration is not confined to our friends across the Channel, and the 

 ear th \ wor r* n 2 U P butters, as it is called, is carried an at home as well. It 

 mat such extensive adulteration, as Mr. Wallace assures us goes on in the 

 rade, ought to be energetically dealt with by our public authorities, 

 important matter discussed by the author is the use of antiseptics or 



thcad?" t0 milk ' te ? hnicall y known as "drugging" the milk. We know 

 ground !° n of chem icals to milk as preservatives is prohibited in France on 

 *try t K unwh . olesomen ess ; .cannot we induce responsible officials in this 

 tment° f -i? this matter to the notice of the Government, and have such 

 lairv n J 0 mcluded u ' nder the head of adulterants ? The New York law 

 Iterated^ t UCt iI- passed in l8 93> enacts, among other things, " that milk is 

 [rm ~ nKc w bich has been added, or into which has been introduced, any 

 SritS r ° e ^ hatever -" Surely it is time steps were initiated, if not by 

 Selves t esponsible for the purity of our food supplies, then by the public 



1 10 P ut a stop to so reprehensible a practice. 



beneath ' Um fr^Iv and the stock of any particular variety 



Achimenes are now HjW ^Tw^ in pots E the shoots get 

 may be increased by means of ^ to 8 lic the shoots to as they 



a few inches long ro ots resort to feeding, remembering, 



progress ; as the pots become nuea -r 



however, that one overdose ™y ™*™£ fa ~ a wa - rm moisl hcat> ^ ta 



latifolia^this is a noble stov*fo slock of Sanch ' CIia rcgina . croton5f 

 careful not to injure the foliage, roi""/ b . . .. ^ — j 



dracanas 



Pot on young plants of Sphaerogync 



X to injure p u nli before they become restricted. 



i£E!SE££ asTbunlnce'of water, and see that they are pro- 



Afford anthuriums and '^^X ftEp will suffer severely, 

 tected from strong sunshine, else tne o ^ r . d _ not 



Eucharis are 



growing freely, and 



ust be'afforded stimulanu regularly ; do not dry eucharis to 



mducT them to flower, by doing so, one lays them open to injury Uom the mite 



Keep them grc 

 material injury 



induce them to n?wer^ uuu* ^ „ ^ ft ^ do 



^l P J^ '^ring larger pots, give only 



them no 

 a small 

 Saint* 



material injury. - thoroughly moist before the operation, 



shift, and be sure the ^ ts nr ^ ea h o r ff 0 a b f e W y weeks ago are now "ready for potting 

 paulia ionantha which was pr e Ud on ^ fa & w ^ 



off singly in a compost of pert ^ nd flower d K uring the late autumn, 

 heat, and they wlfl»ke "*£*%a require liberal feeding if the best results 



Dipkdenias m^^^S^^ over f <* insecl P« ls ' if these are 

 are desired ; ^Z ^Xm tZ^y of the plants Continue the propagation 

 present they «. 1 ^frjj ^ ^ t on batches before they 



of poinsettias as cuttings are a%a ^ Prop agate fresh batches of 



suffer from being cramped m i £ £■ furnishing than older 



tradescan.ia and pan cum fresh , oung pr b ^ &{ 



pots. Afford support by *J m ^ with ^ other „ much as possi ble j 

 Ripley Castle Gardens, Yorks. 



