lv tt 



898 



GARDENERS' MAGAZINE 



T 



D 



_ nrPS umably of old standing, . _ 



I trees and one remarkable feature in connection with this 

 injurious to hg ^ ^ . g mQSt prevalent an d destructive in those cases 



disease is the a rece j yed the greatest amount of attention, pruning 



ffh ?I e ecially favouring its extension. The most usual symptoms of 

 more e s P eci '*> a canker ed or ulcerated appearance of the bark, which 



itS ^'becomes eaten away in large patches, or variously cracked, 

 frequently ^ ^ . g very evident that the can ker first starts at 



f * int where a branch has been cut away or accidentally broken off, and 

 5, all instances 



475 



whereas, when the spores are placed on the end of a cut branch or on 

 injured bark, inocculation always followed, and the mycelium was found in 



has of late years proved very abundance at the expiration of ten days. 



,. j . . , , In one experiment, a badly 



diseased branch, showing numerous threads of spores, was cut through ; 

 immediately afterwards the same knife was used for making an incision 

 in the bark of a branch of a healthy young plant of Ficus religiosa. At the 

 expiration of ten days the wound showed undoubted symptoms of disease 

 and at the end of five weeks the white threads of spores were formed. 

 This experiment proves that the disease may be imparted to healthy 

 plants by using a knife that had previously been used for pruning diseased 

 plants, and an examination of various diseased plants suggests the idea 

 that this method of spreading the disease is not an unusual one. 

 With ' " • 



that a broken surface of the bark is absolutely , w " n re 2 ar ? to preventive measures, there is no evidence to show 

 ^tT^Zt r^^iVdSie to gain a foothold. th * the mycelium of the fungus extends backwards below the point ot 



7 JrZme zone just within the bark, the result being that the 

 actively grownj : zone^ various i y crac ked, and eventually 



^r, j;* ™^r* leaving- patches of naked wood. During the first 



m *" '"JLTrt enable" the fungus causing the disease to gain a foothold. 

 KfSium of .he ftmgus spreads rapid.y jt fatin or 



ie just within t 

 ated, becomes 

 "V-iv disappears, leaving patches 01 na^u "™> 

 Toe of the attack the mycelium of the parasite devotes all its energ.es 

 ^destroying the bark, and does not form fruit so ong as it remains as 

 Ste in 1 the living tissues of the branch. This condition of things 

 a n P ri<us in some instances to be continued for several years, in fact, until 

 & branch is more or less completely girdled, and often presenting a 

 very rugged and cankered appearance. 



The destruction of the bark caused the death of the branch above 

 the first point of attack, and when this has taken place, the mycelium 

 follows the dead branch, and produces results of a very different nature 



jr. 



infection ; hence, when a canker spot appears, the removal of the branch 

 below the diseased spot should be effected at once, as the upper portion 

 of the branch is certain to be killed by the fungus. Every cut surface 

 should be painted at once with a solution of sulphate of copper dissolved 

 in water, and afterwards with tan It would be wise, when cutting 

 diseased plants, to dip the knife in a solution of sulphate of copper after 

 each cut, remembering that the minute spores adhere to the knife. Burn 

 all diseased branches. When the canker appears on thick branches 

 which it is not desirable to remove, cut away the diseased patches down 

 to the wood, paint the wound with sulphate of copper solution, and after- 

 wards with tar. 



It is highly probable that if every cut surface is instantly protected as 

 suggested, the disease would be held in check. Out of the many diseased 

 fig trees examined, no method of prevention appears to have been tried. 



George Massee. 



3 



1 



Diseased Branch ok Fig Tree. 



F wESC n^a tnlS V S^^^ T he , dis ? ,Se entered at the en <* °' the 

 S «how„ S K, Aatural hfi ' Cn Com P ,etel y destroyed. At b, the fungus 



,K, -3--Frec spores: X 500. 



£ad£i d i d i n the • 1 i ving tissues durin & its first P eri °d of attack. The 



Sen 'ZL et l WUh ?y celium > remai ns at firs? perfectly smooth and badly as cold draughts. In 



? [ff ?• Somewhat Polished, and of a brown colour Finally the fruit ber that old or faulty houses often afford opportunities f J\ mi ^^^^ 



ISL^us, which is formed in minute nS , ^w^£ hS5 conseouentlv, during the summer, when there are no market roses growing 



Tea Roses for Market. 



There is no question but that tea and hybrid tea roses, together with 



some of the noisettes, are yearly becoming more popular among buyers 



and consequently more extensively grown for supplying the market than 



formerly. Fine form, fragrance, good size and substance, and long stems, 



are now the chief desiderata, so we have to provide flowers accordingly, 



indeed I have long since found that it pays best to grow and market only 



roses of the highest quality, this again proving, in a marked manner, 



how much the public taste and appreciation of what is good in 



horticulture has increased. With regard to the cultivation of tea roses 

 for market, little, if anything, further can be added to what I have 

 already stated in these columns. The secret, or secrets of success, are 

 no secrets in these days ; to be successful one must do everything that is 

 necessary to the promotion of clean vigorous growth, and full, substantial 

 blooms. Experience has long since shown that cleanliness is a great 

 point in the successful cultivation of good market roses, and tea or 

 noisette roses especially. The houses, either span or lean-to, the former 

 for preference, should be kept clean, not merely the paths, so as to present 

 a tidy appearance when the door is opened, but the stages, walls, glass, 

 and the pots also, for such strict cleanliness tends very considerably to 

 reduce the possibility of insect and other attacks, which the rose grower 

 dreads. Use eight-inch pots, as the general size, allowing a slight 

 increase or decrease for certain varieties, according as they prove more 

 or less vigorous with the grower. Good loam always pays. In the 

 matter of watering, great care is necessary for some little time after 

 potting, but when thoroughly well rooted considerable quantities of 

 water, and regular supplies of liquid manure later, will be necessary. 

 As a fertiliser we use liquid manure made from sheep droppings, 

 alternating this with clear soot water and an occasional dose of either 

 Clay's or Thomson's chemical manures. 



However careful one may be, there are almost sure to be some 

 attacks upon the roses either by insects or fungi pests, and when these do 

 occur the attacks must be repelled at once and no quarter allowed. By 

 maintaining a constant and careful watch, green fly or mildew are noticed 

 directly they appear, and as soon as noticed measures are taken to oust 

 them in the former case by syringing with the handiest good insecticide, 

 and in the latter by painting the hot water pipes with sulphur. F umiga- 

 tion is frequent and regular, so that we have little difficulty in turning 

 out unwelcome guests. Individual plants are dusted with sulphur or 

 syringed with insecticide as the case needs, and so we reduce the 

 possibility of anything like a bad attack to a minimum. Of course, with 

 the earlieV batches of roses for market, the utmost care is necessary in 

 he matter of ventilation, for nothing produces mildew so quickly and 

 tne mawer ui ^ connection it IS also desirable to remem- 



idermis, 

 'y about 



cracks 



,000th 



These 



breads or tenX;i • ls . unaer \ he form of v ery slender, white, gelatinous 

 of beimr mi ' gl T g t0 the surface of the dead branch the appear 

 *"«He, wS w^n ^ covered with curly white hairs. 

 ■«mioned aW? J 5 dies are com P os ed entirely of the minute spores 

 forces ririd 2\ k i are held to R ether by a viscid substance, which 

 *** scattered 3 ttle - n dry gather, and are thus easily broken off 

 threads are rnliM or 1 . insects i and dispersed. On the other hand, the 

 ^hes or c^rflTf Y J lss ° lved by dew or rain, and washed down the 

 lr *> and thnsi 3? ; y u feetof birds, insects, &c, to other parts of the 

 l^ninate, emir ?k J? a PP en to be deposited on a wounded surface, 



spot SSUes throu S h th e wound, and produce a new 



Expe-- 



Placed 



ees show that the 

 cause the disease 



nn f r * — — * w. wmmm** w in nui LdU3C tilt ui3W**v 7 - 



°n the unbroken surface or even very young branches, Canterbury. 



rnnseouentlv during the summer, when there are no market roses growing 

 SdlTK lt w to examine the structures, execute any necessary 

 ^epairsf or remedy any faults as regards position and construct.on of 



"toTas Sues ; taking them in alphabetical order,, it is found 

 ♦w th* best tea-scented roses for market are Anna Olivier, Bndes- 

 , / r a therine Mermet, Climbing Niphetos, Climbing Perle des 

 Tnrl^ns Hon F GiffS£ Mdme. Chldane Guinoisseau, Mdme. Charles, 

 Irdt ' ?e°rney, Mdme. Falcot, Mdme. Hoste Niphetos, Rubens, 



Souvenir d'un Ami, Souvenir de b. 

 The Bride For the purpose of this note hybrid teas may well 

 L indud'ed; the best of these are Caroline Testout, Lady Mary 

 Fit7william La France, Mrs. W. J. Grant, 



We also find that three of the climbing noisette roses are 

 • !„tii Q,,itable for marketing in first-rate condition, and these are 

 th n e flo Lou f sulphur white Lamarque ; the bright golden Marechal 

 %U^ZeJ^n S orange-tinted 1^^«BM» 



Safrano, 



Bride. 



A. Prince, and 



and Vicomtesse 



