Oct. 1858.— Mar. 1859.] In Roman Characters. 223 



13. u short; as the u in 'fulsome.' This is simply the 

 pe'sh (para. 3,) as , * /i mulk a kingdom. As an initial, ifc is 



\ ; as ) ustdd a teacher. 



14. u long ; as the oo in "'fool.' It is the ? tudo* with 

 a pesh over and preceding it, or wdo m&<ruf, or known wdo. 

 Thus * • zarur necessary. As an initial it is \ but hardly 

 any Hindustani words begin with it. 



15. 6 long; as the o in 'bony.' (There is no short o 

 in Hindustani.) This is called icdo mafhul or unknown wdo, 

 as it is not used in Arabic, though common in Persian. It is 

 distinguished from the u of para. 14 by having no vowel 

 mark attached. It is not used as an initial. N. B. When wdo 

 follows £ it is written but not pronounced ; and then it is 

 distinguished in Roman characters, by w. Thus 

 darkhwast a proposal. This wao is called wdo-i-macdula or 

 the passed-by wao. 



1G. an ; as ou in ( bound.' It is the wdo with the zabar 

 over and preceding it. Thus I haul permission • <\ nau- 

 kar a servant. As an initial it is j| as 'Jj^\ aiddd offspring, ^\ 

 aur and. It is called wdo-i-sdkin wd kabl maftuh, for it is 

 quiescent, and follows fatlia. (See para. 12.) 



W. II. Bayley. 



* Thr fetter! is also used As si consonant 



