266 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
has the land to spare for a new orchard, so has to make the best of what 
he has. Provided the old trees do not shade them too much, yoimg trees 
can be made to do well if treated properly. Holes should be made 6 feet 
wide and two spits deep, and, if the young tree must be planted exactly 
where the old one stood, the soil should be carted away and replaced by 
fresh. In this new soil the roots will get a good start, especially if they 
have a mulching of manure, as shown in fig. 132. The soil under this 
mulchingfkept fairly moist all through the summer of 1900, when cracks 
were plentiful in. the grass land round about. Allowing thistles and 
rubbish to grow at their own sweet will, taking all the goodness out of 
the soil, is illustrated in fig. 133. The wavy, blurred line on the right 
side of the tree's stem is a fine specimen dock, which would not keep still 
in the rather rough wind when the photograph was taken. There being 
no horned stock allowed in this orchard, one stake was put to a tree, 
which was surrounded by 12 inch wire netting with a 1 inch mesh. The 
stakes were sawn out, and are 8 feet long by 2 inches square, with the 
sharp corners planed off. Driven firmly into the subsoil the trees were 
planted to the stakes, and tied with strong soft tarred cord. About 
2 yards of wire are required for each tree. Where horned stock run in an 
orchard, a stronger fence is necessary, as will be shown later on: The 
Fig. 134.— a Healthy 6-yeaks-old Tbee. 
