272 JOUENAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
looks bad, and is in a poor condition to withstand attacks of canker or 
American blight. Negligence is exemplified in fig. 141. The ties are 
broken, and the tree is rubbing against the stake. The result will be 
something like fig. 142. Cattle and pigs seem to think that trees are 
simply planted for them to rub against. That they take full advantage 
of their opportunities is shown by the trees in fig. 143. This is a mistake 
in the management of young trees. Careless fencing, or none at all, gives 
cattle an easy chance to overturn a tree and break off the branches. 
They have broken one oft' this tree, and we can see the " snag " left. 
Fig. 141. — Negligence exemplified — Ties broken, Tree 
CHAFING against StAKE. 
Fig. 144 is a planter's mistake which I should have mentioned before. 
Here we have four trees, sadly overcrowded, where there is room for one 
only. From the tree in front to the one on the left is only 9 ft., to the 
one on the right 10 ft., and to the one by the hedge about 16 ft. Trees 
'cannot grow well cramped up like this. Those shown are growing "all 
shapes," and it makes one feel miserable to look at them. 
Mistakes in Pruning. 
Passing now to a dift'erent part of my subject, I will endeavour to 
point out a few mistakes in pruning, taking young trees first. With fruit 
