MISTAKES IN OKCHARD MANAGEMENT. 
275 
It requires a great deal of experience before one can know how to prune 
all varieties properly. The tree shown in tig. 147 is a four-years-old 
' Ecklinville,' a sturdy young tree, two years making the stem, and two 
years making the head. This variety does not require such hard pruning as 
some, as it breaks its back buds well. Newly planted, it was cut back 
last spring as shown in fig. 148, and has made good growth and formed 
fruiting spurs, so that next year, all being well, we may expect a few fruits 
from it. It will be noticed that on the two lower branches the pruning is 
done to an upper bud, to throw the branches succeeding higher up out of 
Fig. 145 A newly planted " Tom Putt " Tree, unpruned. 
the reach of cattle. As the head had more branches than were required 
for forming a good tree, a part of them were removed entirely at planting 
time. 
Bad, unskilled pruning is shown in fig. 149. ,,v The branch was cut to 
an inner bud instead of an outer one, causing the young branch to grow 
upward and across the one above it. These two -would soon begin to 
chafe each other, and, in years to come, one or both would be broken off. 
A "snag" is also left, as the cut w^as not, made near enough to a bud. 
It is these snags which are so fiequently attacked by the canker, which 
eventually spreads down into the healthy bark, when the branch soon 
